The Star and Crescent - Is the Symbol "of" Islam Shirk?
29 November, 2008
The Star and Crescent
- Is the Symbol of Islam Shirk?
By Rafael Narbaez Jr.
The
city of Byzantium (Constantinople, modern Istanbul) was dedicated to
Diana, goddess of the hunt, and the crescent was the symbol of Diana.
In 330 CE, Constantine rededicated the city to the virgin Mary, whose
star symbol was added to the previous crescent. When the Turks took
possession of Constantinople, they found lots of crescent flags and
adopted it as a symbol of good omen.
"The star and crescent" was
first hoisted on behalf of the Muslims by Mahomet II after the capture
of Constantinople in 1453 CE. Prior to that, it was common on the arm
of knight and esquires. A star within a crescent was a badge of Richard
I, 250 years before Constantinople fell. They quit using it when it
became the banner of Muslims. It has been used more and more ever since
by Muslims in a way to identify themselves.
INTRODUCTION
I remember that as a former Jehovah's Witness,
one of the things that we were taught to always stay away from was the
use of religious symbols. It was thought that this would lead to some
form of idol worship that could eventually compromise our worship of
the one true God. We were not permitted to wear religious icons like
the cross because, in the first place, we never believed that Jesus
Christ was hung on the cross. Secondly, Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in idols and they feel that the use of these in religious worship is idolatry.
Neither
could we wear anything that might be perceived as showing allegiance to
a particular government, nation or political group. We could not keep a
flag of any nation in our homes. We were not permitted to wear a patch
of the American flag on our clothing or any of our possessions. We did
not vote, sing the national anthem or recite the pledge of allegiance.
They
warned that the Bible clearly states that "you shall have no other gods
before me." It also states, "you shall not make for yourself any carved
image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is
in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth."
You
can imagine my concern, when, as I was embracing Islam, I became aware
of the use of "the star and crescent." My concern was genuine; I did
not want to offend God. I did not want to interpret that I gave
allegiance to anyone except Allah. I remember asking some brothers
about what "the star and crescent" symbol meant. "Oh, it's nothing to
be concerned about," they said. "It just represents the Muslim." One
brother, I remember, drew me a clearer picture. "Well," he said, "you
know how the Christians use the cross and the Jews, the star of David?
We use "the star and crescent" to identify ourselves world-wide as
Muslims."
Although I didn't make it a big issue, I decided to do
some research and find out for myself. I was not going to stumble over
this issue, but at the same time, I didn't want to do anything that
would offend God. The following is some information that I found in my
research and I wanted to pass it on to you. Afterwards, I'd like to
share with you an interesting view on this matter from a personal
perspective and why I think it's important to consider how we view the
use of the star and crescent.
HISTORY
During the
Byzantine Empire, the city of Byzantium (a.k.a. Constantinople and
Istanbul) was dedicated to Diana, goddess of the hunt. The crescent was
the symbol of Diana. In 330 CE, Constantine rededicated the city to the
virgin Mary, whose star symbol was added to the previous crescent. When
the Turks took possession of Byzantium, they found lots of crescent
flags and adopted it as a symbol of good omen. In 339 BC, Philip of
Macedon (the father of Alexander the Great) was thwarted from
overtaking the city of Byzantium because his army was spotted due to a
bright crescent moon.
"The star and crescent" was first hoisted
on behalf of the Muslims by Mahomet II after the capture of
Constantinople in 1453 CE. Prior to that, it was common on the arm of
knight and esquires. A star within a crescent was a badge of Richard I,
250 years before Constantinople fell. They quit using it when it became
the banner of Muslims. It has been used more and more ever since by
Muslims in a way to identify themselves. Sultan Othman, founder of the
Ottoman empire, had a dream of crescent moon growing bigger and bigger
until it reached East to West.
Banners or flags are what people
customarily unite around or behind. It may or may not represent some
characteristic about them. The twelve tribes of Israel, for example,
each had it's own banner or symbol, e.g. 'The Lion of Judah,' etc. An
insignia could represent one's cause, philosophy, belief or attitude;
whether religious or secular. The colour and the symbol's use on
national flags is also most interesting. Red is the Ottomon (Turkish)
colour and thus, a star and crescent on a field of red. In Mauritania,
green stands for prosperity and hope. The star represents the people.
On the Pakistani flag, the crescent is for progress and the star for
enlightenment.
THE PROPHET'S FLAG
As to what the actual
Holy Prophet used, we find some very interesting information. It has
been reported that the Holy Prophet's first standard or flag was a
black flag to contradict the white flag of the Quraish, who had a black
eagle on it as well. The earliest such flag or banner used by the
Prophet was a sable curtain which hung in the chamber of his wife,
Ayesha (may Allah be pleased with her). In the centre, the Prophet
attached a white cloth which was a turban that he captured from the
city of Boreide. On it was written the inscription, Nasr um min Allah,
which meant "the help of Allah". Most appropriate. One can see how
powerful a symbol this was to be used as a banner or flag. In modern
times, some governments, like Saudi Arabia, prefer not to use the star
and crescent of the Turkish government, but instead use a plain green
field with the Shahadah on it in white. There is also a white sword
underneath. Several modern day Muslims use the Shahadah in white on a
green field as their way of showing they are Muslim. It was reported
that the Prophet's favourite colour was green; which incidentally
represents life.
FLAG OF SYMBOL AS AUTHORITY
But, why all
this fuss about a flag or a symbol anyway? In particular, the star and
the crescent? Why is it so important to search for a more profound
meaning to what it means and what it stands for? Is it really that big
of a deal? I mean, it's just a flag or a symbol, right?
Well,
the truth of the matter is that symbols and especially flags, have more
than just a casual, passing representation. They actually stand for
something and have a definite meaning. A stop sign, for example, isn't
there just to blend in with the landscaping. It represents the law, the
authority. It requires some action from you every time you come to it
and that action is to stop. It also means there is a reaction from it
if you choose not to stop there and that is that you will be cited for
failing to obey that sign or symbol.
THE AMERICAN FLAG
With
that in mind, let's look at the flag of the United States. This is not
the time to go through a two hundred year history of all the changes in
the flag and how it got to it's present form, however, since we live in
this country, I think it's appropriate to understand a little about it.
The
first American flag was one that had thirteen stars in a circle on a
blue field with a background of thirteen alternating red and white
stripes. The thirteen stars represented the thirteen original colonies
that became the United States of America. Why stars? Why not thirteen
trees or thirteen fish? Perhaps because a bright star is such a
beautiful thing to behold. Remember the last time there was a clear
night and you looked up at the sky to admire the bright starry sky?
They seem so near and yet they are so far away.
Muslims
appreciate stars very much because they realize that stars do fulfil
many wonderful purposes. They are both beautiful and a way to guide us
in a time when perhaps other navigational instruments fail us. But, as
Muslims, when we look at a star or any other work of beauty, we always
appreciate the Creator, Al-Khaliq, more than the creation.
As
the United states added more states they added a star for each new
state. Thus, today we have fifty states and also fifty stars on our
flag. The stars are laid on a blue field; blue being the colour of
truth. The red stripes stand for the blood that was spilled in
establishing our republic. The white stands for purity, cleanliness,
holiness. Put all together, one can see how easily it would be for one
to perceive that these fifty states, America, is to be admired because
it was conceived with the blood of righteousness; with the purest and
holiest of intentions and it stands for truth and goodness. You can
trust her. You can depend on her. She will guide you to success and
prosperity. See how she sparkles and shines? Follow her.
LOYALTY AND ALLEGIANCE
Some
people might argue that such reasoning is absurd. That respecting the
flag does not mean giving loyalty to it as you would the country or
government. That it does not mean that we show the same allegiance to
it that we show our country and that it certainly does not take the
place of God for guidance in our lives. Reality, however, does indicate
that people look at the flag and the symbols on it with more than just
respect and that they do view what it symbolizes in the same manner
that we've described above. Let's look at an example.
Growing up
in America, I remember the first thing we did every day in school
before class started was recite the Pledge of Allegiance. But
allegiance to who? To our God and Creator, Allah? Well, let's see. The
Pledge of Allegiance says, "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the
United States of America and to the republic for which it stands". To
demonstrate our loyalty, love, affection and allegiance to the flag and
the republic or country "for which it stands", we would place our right
hand over our heart. Contrary to what some people may believe, the oath
of allegiance is to the country or government because the flag stands
for or represents exactly that and you have just pledged your
allegiance to both, the flag and the republic or country; they are one
and the same. I've always admired some brothers who would tell me that
when they received their United States citizenship and had to pledge
allegiance to the flag, they would be pledging allegiance to Allah,
instead.
Some persist in their view, however, stating that,
recently the United States Supreme court upheld the decision that,
burning the American flag is permissible because it is a right of
expression. The burning of the country, on the other hand, would not be
construed as a freedom of expression, they argue, but as an act to
overthrow the government of the United States. Therefore, they cannot
be one and the same according to them. The pledge of allegiance to the
flag, in their opinion, is not the same as a pledge of allegiance to
the country. Sounds good, but when you take into consideration the
people of this country as a whole, I think you will find that the
overwhelming majority feel that burning the flag is wrong and offensive
to them because it represents a total disregard and disrespect to the
country or government "for which it stands."
Also, consider
this. If they don't mean the same thing, then, why is it that on the
insignias of uniforms, cars or property of local, state or federal
peace officers; or even of athletes, or anyone that represents our
country, the decal or insignia is of an American flag? If they don't
mean the same thing, then, why don't they have an insignia of the map
of the U.S. or just the words, United States of America. Another thing.
When someone, like a military veteran or government official dies, they
drape the American flag over his coffin. Do they say that the
individual died for his flag or gave his life for his flag? No. They
say he died for his country. The reason is because the flag, symbol or
insignia stands for or represents the government.
Those of us
who have had the misfortune of being under colonial rule at one time,
remember all too well the phrase "loyal to the Crown", meaning the
British, of course. How quickly we forget. The fact is that to the
great majority of people in this country, and around the world, for
that matter, the flag, symbol or insignia and the country do stand for
the same thing.
TWO EXAMPLES
Another thing to consider
when speaking of flags and the country or people that they represent
is: if a country or people separate or abolish the use of certain
symbols does it necessarily mean that they have changed their views or
stands on certain issues.
For example, hardly anyone can argue
the fact that the 'swastika' is a symbol for what nazism stood for: a
pure Aryan race and all that implies. That symbol still represents that
ideology even to this day. In all fairness to the German people, they
have taken the initiative to separate themselves from such racism by
changing the symbols of their flag as well as rejecting the ideology of
a supreme white race.
Some will argue that the United States has
done the same thing by insisting that the southern states remove and
make illegal the old Confederate flag with the symbol of the 'stars and
bars' because of what it once represented, namely, slavery and the
oppression of black people. Some states, however, still persist in
using the Confederate flag. Some people of the South are even more
vocal and adamant about the continual use of the Confederate flag.
Taking
the two examples just given, we see that in Germany, although it no
longer supports the theory that a German white Aryan race is superior
it still denies equal rights and justice to many of its citizenry,
e.g., the Turkish population and others. The United States is really no
better off. She has not taken sufficient steps to educate its populace
on the issue of racism and tolerance and has consistently shied away
from providing continual legislation that would eradicate such racism
by making it absolutely illegal to act in such a manner. In fact at the
present time, we see the United States reversing herself on what little
legislation it once had that addressed such issues. We see with both
countries, especially the US a double-tongue policy of "we're not
better than you, you're just not as good as us."
In Spanish
there is a saying that says, "Tanto peca el que mata la waca, como el
que detiene la pata." This was a saying contrived in the old cattle
rustling days. It means, "Just as guilty is he who kills the cow, as he
who ties down it's hoofs." If the people of a country are not willing
to change the policies of its government by publicly voicing its
displeasure, even going to the extent of changing it's elected
officials or even its form of government, if need be, then they agree
with the way their country is being represented and perceived; more
importantly, the way they are represented and perceived. They publicly
reaffirm this perception every time they wave 'Old Glory' around. That
flag and the symbols on it represent both the government as well as the
people.
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Now, as Muslims, why should
we be so concerned about all this? Well, for one thing we should never
want to look to any person, nation, government or anything as a source
of guidance or direction over Allah. To do so would be shirk. No one is
worthy of that honour except Allah, the Almighty.
So many people
all over the world put so much trust in the US for finding the
solutions to their problems. The US itself brags about how it is 'the
greatest nation on the face of the earth.' People in other parts of the
world think it is such a great honour to be allies or associated in
some way with the United States of America. There was a time when these
people, especially third world countries, thought that the streets in
the US were paved with gold. Anything that they can possess that is
American brings a sort of prestige. I remember, a few years ago, having
a visitor from Egypt. I asked if there was anything I could get for him
to take back to Egypt while he was here. He decided on running shoes
and a jogging suit but insisted that they be Nike's. The reason, he
said, is because he would be the envy of his entire town. Anything with
a designer label from the US was highly sought.
What is really
sad when we see so many brothers looking to the United States as the
source for relieving their afflictions. Especially where people are
oppressed or seeking justice and especially, when those people are
sincere Muslims. Nothing or no one take the place of Allah as our
Protector; no flag, no government, no nation, not even the believers
themselves.
The Qur'an says:
"Do the unbelievers think
that they can take my servants as protectors besides me? Verily we have
prepared hell for the unbelievers for their entertainment."
Quran Al-Kahf 18:102:
There
are some enemies of Allah that feel that although they practice evil
deeds, perhaps if they mingle with the true believers, they will
protect them against calamity. Allah assures them that their place is
in the hell fire. The Qur'an teaches us in Ash-Shura 42:9-l0 that:
"It is God alone who has power over all things and that in Him we should trust."
So,
coming back to our original subject, what does all this have to do with
the symbol of the 'star and the crescent'? Well, for one thing, both
symbols, the star and the crescent, come from the false worship or
adoration for someone other than Allah. In the case of the crescent, it
was the goddess Diana and with the star it was Mary, the mother of
Jesus (peace be upon him). As much as we love and respect Mary, the
mother of Jesus, peace and blessings be on her, she is not worthy of
worship and she would be the first to tell you so. For that matter
neither is Musa (Moses) or 'Isa (Jesus) or even our beloved Prophet,
Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon them). Nor is the Qur'an worthy
of worship or the entire record of ahadith or the two Holy Mosques or
the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (may Allah be pleased with them) or
anything in this universe, past, present or future. Only Allah stands
alone as worthy of worship. Yet some of us carry these symbols around
as an expression of identity with those very beings and are proud to
associate ourselves as Muslims by them.
Some may think that this
is making a mountain out of a molehill and that it's silly to think
that the use of these symbols could jeopardize our relationship with
Allah; but I think it deserves a lot of prayer and deep meditation and
thinking about this. Do we really want to take a chance of offending
Allah and facing Him on the Day of Judgement with this on our record?
Is associating ourselves with these symbols or icons really worth it?
We must strive to 'always be true to Allah,' says the Qur'an, Al-Hajj
22: 31 'and never assigning partners to Him'.
Let us use our
ability to reason and ask ourselves, is it really necessary to have an
insignia or symbol to make the statement that we are Muslims? If one
can so easily identify oneself as a Muslim by simply carrying the
symbol of 'the star and crescent' around, then what's to say that the
enemies of Islam can't do the same, as some of them have? I remember,
my first Ramadan, one brother proudly revealed his chest to show 'the
star and crescent' tattooed above the area of the heart. Wouldn't it be
better and certainly more reliable, to identify ourselves as Muslims by
our Islamic personality; demonstrating by our righteous deeds that we
are of 'those that bow to Allah in Islam' (Qur'an, Al-Baqarah 2:136)?
There
are many nations and religious organisations today that identity
themselves as being Muslims by the use of these two symbols, 'the star
and crescent' and yet we can see by their deeds that they are totally
un-Islamic. How easily they live among us, corrupting the word of God
and causing divisions among us and all they have to do to prove they
are Muslims is flash the sign of the star and the crescent.
On
the other hand, there are organisations like the Red Crescent that do
so much good work for their fellow mankind. Also there is a big
difference between the symbol of the 'star and crescent' and the hilal.
CONCLUSIONS
In
conclusion, let me state that all acts are acts of worship. We all try
to do the best that we can according to the extent of our knowledge and
our level of Iman. Everyone has a conscience. How sensitive our
conscience is toward what we have discussed depends on what we
previously stated, the extent of our knowledge and the level of our
Iman.
It is not the responsibility of Muslims to point the
finger at each other and try to force anyone to his personal
understanding of matters. Religion and especially the interpretation of
matters pertaining to religion should never be forced on anyone. We all
know that the Qur'an states:
"...there is no compulsion in religion..."
(Qur'an, Al-Baqarah 1:190)
We
know that there is nothing wrong with respecting the flag of any
country. The degree to which one cares to show such respect is an
individual matter of conscience. No one has the right to impose his
conscience on another. But, it is important to know how some people
feel about a flag, symbol or insignia. As to the use of the 'star and
crescent' symbols, we know that Allah will judge all of us according to
our niyah, our intentions, and how we choose to interpret all matters
pertaining to Tawheed.
Proper attention should be given,
however, to the use of a symbol or icon that at one time represented
the worship of a goddess or to one that symbolises our 'godly'
adoration for a righteous person whom some may place on the same plane
of reverence reserved only for Allah. May Allah guide us as we search
to perfect our worship of Him as He has perfected our religion. In the
end we all return to Him and He will teach us what was best; for He is
the best to decide as mentioned in the Qur'an, Yunus 10:108-109.
Incidentally,
the 'Golden Age of Islam' that we all reminisce so passionately about
came to a close about the mid-l5th century with the fall of Spain and
the invasion of the Mongols. This was about the same time that 'the
star and crescent' started to be hoisted up as the banner or
representation of Muslims. We've never been able to regain that
greatness again. Coincidence?