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Practice materials for IT professionals looking for certification in CCNA, CCNP, CCDP, MCSE, MCDBA, MCSD, MCSA, MCP, CIW, ORACLE, Security+ and A+.

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Certay Top 30 Certification Exams List:

1. Cisco Certified Network Associate: 640-802
2. CCIE Routing and Switching Written Exam: 350-001
3. BSCI - Building Scaleable Cisco Internetworks: 642-901
4. MCDBA Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment: 70-290
5. BCMSN - Building Converged Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks: 642-812
6. ISCW - Implementing Secure Converged Wide Area Networks: 642-825
7. Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions: 640-863
8. MCSA 2003 Implementing Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure: 70-291
9. ONT - Optimizing Converged Cisco Networks: 642-845
10. IP Communications Quality of Service (QoS): 642-642
11. TS: Upgrading MCSE on Wndws Serv 2003 to Wndws Serv 2008: 70-649
12. Composite: 642-892
13. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Implementation & Maintenance: 70-431
14. MCSE 2003 Security Planning Implementing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 AD Infrastructure: 70-294
15. SECURITY+ CERTIFICATION EXAM: sy0-101
16. Network+ Certification Exam : n10-003
17. VMware Certified Professional on VI3: VCP-310
18. MCSE 2003 Security Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure: 70-293
19. Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1: 640-822
20. TS: Exchange Server 2007, Configuring: 70-236
21. MCSE Installing Configuring and Administering Microsoft Windows XP Professional: 70-270
22. Troubleshooting Unified Communications (TUC): 642-426
23. MCSE Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment for a W2K MCSA: 70-292
24. TS: Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007, Configuring: 70-630
25. CompTIA A+ Essentials Exam: 220-601
26. IP Communications Cisco Voice Over IP: 642-432
27. Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2: 640-816
28. Gateway Gatekeeper(GWGK): 642-453
29. MCSE 2003 Planning Implementing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment for a W2K MCSE: 70-296
30. CCIE Voice Written: 350-030

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Serum is a complex mix of albumins, growth factors and growth inhibitors and is probably one of the most important components of cell culture medium. The most commonly used serum is fetal bovine serum. Other types of serum are available including newborn calf serum and horse serum. The quality, type and concentration of serum can all affect the growth of cells and it is therefore important to screen batches of serum for their ability to support the growth of cells(take especial care of 96 well plate). In addition there are other tests that may be used to aid the selection of a batch of serum including cloning efficiency, plating efficiency and the preservation of cell characteristics.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been used to prepare a number of biological and has an excellent record of safety. The recognition of Bovine spongiform encepalopathy (BSE) in 1986 and it’s subsequent spread into continental Europe along side the announcement of the probable link between BSE and a new variant of Creutzfeldt Jacob disease in Humans, stimulated an increased concern about safe sourcing of all bovine materials. In 1993 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) "recommended against the use of bovine derived materials from cattle which have resided in, or originated from countries where BSE has been diagnosed. The current (European Union) EU guidelines on viral safety focus on sourcing, testing and paying particular attention to the potential risk of cross contamination during slaughtering or collection of the starting tissue. As far as BSE is concerned, the EU guidelines on minimizing the risk of BSE transmission via medicinal products, CPMP/BWP/877/96, recommends the main measures to be implemented in order to establish the safety of bovine material versus the BSE risk. Again, similarly the focus is on geographical origin, the age of the animals, the breeding and slaughtering conditions, the tissue to be used and the conditions of it’s processing.

The use of FBS in production processes of medicinal products is acceptable provided good documentation on sourcing, age of the animals and testing for the absence of adventitious agents is submitted. All responsible suppliers of FBS for bio-pharmaceutical applications will provide such documentation.

Recent regulatory requirements in Europe stress the importance of justifying the use of material of bovine, caprine or ovine origin in the production of pharmaceutical products. Thus, although FBS has been used for many years in the production process of many medicinal products such as viral vaccines , recombinant DNA products and ELISA Plate, at present there is a justified trend to remove all material of animal origin from manufacturing processes. Sigma-Aldrich has recognized this growing trend and works closely with customers to optimize animal free media formulations to meet each customer’s cell culture requirements.

Similarly the FDA has similar guidelines when accepting regulatory submissions. The FDA regulates all medicinal products for Human use, such as therapeutics, vaccines ,diagnostics and Cell Culture Plates, and, usually, the United States Department Agriculture (USDA) are not involved.

More infomation from Sigma-Aldrich

CCNP certification validates a network professional's ability to install, configure and troubleshoot converged local and wide area networks with 100 to 500 or more nodes. Network Professionals who achieve the CCNP have demonstrated the knowledge and skills required to manage the routers and switches that form the network core, as well as edge applications that integrate voice, wireless, and security into the network.

The Optimizing Converged Cisco Networks (642-845 ONT) is a qualifying exam for the Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP?. The ONT 642-845 exam will certify that the successful candidate has important knowledge and skills in optimizing and providing effective QOS techniques for converged networks. The exam topics include implementing a VOIP network, implementing QoS on converged networks, specific IP QoS mechanisms for implementing the DiffServ QoS model, AutoQoS, wireless security and basic wireless management.

Exam 642-845: Optimizing Converged Cisco Networks (ONT)

Related Certifications: CCNP

Exam Topics Include:

1. Describe Cisco VoIP implementations.

2. Describe QoS considerations and strategies.

3. Implement Cisco Auto QoS.

4. Describe DiffServ QoS implementations.

5. Implement Cisco device hardening using Cisco security features

6. Describe and Implement WLAN security and management.

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The Microsoft 2003 Server Exam, 70-291, is one of the core exams of the MCSE and MCSA certification tracks. The exam tests a candidate's knowledge of Windows 2003 networking environments and how to implement a successful Windows Server 2003 network in either existing Windows environments or on totally new networks. The exam features simulation and analysis questions that require the candidate to have a thorough working knowledge of the Windows Server 2003 operating system and the way that a Windows 2003 network operates.

The Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) on Windows Server 2003 credential is intended for IT professionals who work in the typically complex computing environment of medium to large companies. An MCSA candidate should have 6 to 12 months of experience administering client and network operating systems in environments that have the following characteristics:

• 250 to 5,000 or more users
• Three or more physical locations
• Three or more domain controllers
• Network services and resources such as messaging, database, file and print, proxy server, firewall, Internet, intranet, remote access, and client computer management
• Connectivity requirements such as connecting branch offices and individual users in remote locations to the corporate network and connecting corporate networks to the Internet

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This article provides helpful information for you to prepare for Cisco exam 350-001, the CCIE Written exam. The CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert) certification has historically been the most valued in the area of networking. There are two steps to achieve this valued certification:

• A 100 question written test, which this Cramsession will help to prepare you for
  
• And an intense lab exam, which will test the limits of your technical knowledge

I've compiled a list of study suggestions for 350-001 that you might find useful:

• Print out a copy of the exam 350-001 blueprint from the Cisco website. Use this as the basis of your notes, and don't consider yourself ready for the exam until you are completely comfortable with ALL the topics on the list. The blueprint changes occasionally, but the current version can be found at: Written Exam Blueprint v3.0
  
• Buy a few books. This seems simple enough, but I've found there are two types of books lists for the CCIE - those for the lab and those for the written. They're not the same. For our purposes here, there are two things we want to accomplish with our reading: to quickly get the written out of the way to start the long road to the lab; and to try as much as possible to conserve money and time by finding and reading materials that are applicable to both.
  
• Download sample exams. There are several available, but regardless of which vendor's questions you choose, take advantage of a significant pool of questions, and select products by different authors. The subject matter for this exam is broad, and you want a good selection of material to study from.

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The Microsoft 2003 Server Exam, 70-290, is one of the core exams of the MCSE, MCSA, and even the MCDBA (Database Administration) certification tracks. The exam is designed to test a candidate’s knowledge of managing a Windows Server 2003 environment. It also tests the candidate’ ability to configure Windows Server 2003 to work with key Windows features and operate efficiently over a Windows network.

We know,this exam costs $125 each attempt.So, you should do your best to pass the MCDBA 70-290 exam.

Certay 70-290 is written to coincide with the real test by the experienced IT experts and specialists. With the complete collection of Questions and Answers, Certay 70-290 is high enough to help the candidates to pass this exam easily without any other study materials and no need to attend the expensive training class.

To match the current real test, the technical team from Certay will update the Questions and Answers for any changes in time, and also we are always accepting the feedbacks about this exam from our users, in specialty, we will mend the exam pool with the suggestions from those users who got full scores in this exam, so to perfect Certay 70-290 to make it always have the best quality!

Certay offers free demo for 70-290 exam (MCDBA - Implementing Secure Converged Wide Area Networks). You can check out the interface, question quality and usability of our practice exams before you decide to buy it. We are the only one site can offer demo for almost all products.

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Want to start getting into routers etc so looking at doing some cisco stuff? Think you need to start on the CCNA? but dont really know where or know of any real books that can teach you this from scratch? Here is a guideline for the Cisco newbies to start on the CCNA.

Q: Looking at doing some cisco stuff?

A: Cisco's Career Certifications & Paths information can be found here.
Cisco also has a CCNA Prep Center -- it might impress you, or it might scare you away -- but worth a look to get an idea of what Cisco makes available.

Only one comment on the prepCenter. When watching the flash, dont take their word when they say that linux is an operating system. One who says that linux is an OS, states that his knowledge of operating systems converging to zero (especially linux based).

Q: Don't really know where or know of any real books that can teach you this from scratch.

A: The books you'll hear the most about around here are:
Sybex - Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide -- by Todd Lammle. Should be on the 5th edition. Great for learning subnetting. Missing some info, but there are one or two new update chapters available for download.
Cisco Press - The CCNA 640-802 books by Wendell Odom. Probably the CCNA Official Exam Certification Library.
You can check out all the Cisco Press Books (and the link to the simulator) at the Cisco Press Web site.
Hands-on practice is important.... but you can get by with the simulator for the CCNA.

Q: Are the exams expensive?

A: The CCNA 640-802 exam is $125.
There is also the 2 exam option (INTRO and ICND). There should be link at the CCNP Prep Center that explains it. I think those are $100 each.

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That should be enough links to keep you busy for the rest of the night.

Source: TechExams

Large numbers of cell lines look identical. Cell lines with very different origins and biological characteristics typically cannot be separated on grounds of morphology or culture characteristics. Infection or contamination of a cell line with an adventitious virus or mycoplasma may significantly change the characteristics of the cells but again such contamination will be inapparent. Cell lines will also change with time in culture(even in glass bottom dishes/elisa plate), and to add to all these natural hazards it is all too easy to mis-label or cross-contaminate different cell lines in a busy cell culture laboratory.

The opportunities for inadvertently introducing error into a cell line are limitless and ever present. It is in the nature of the science that, once introduced, an error will be propagated, compounded, consolidated and disseminated.

The integrity and biological characteristics of a cell line have to be actively maintained by a well-organized system of “husbandry” based on systematic cell banking supported by testing regimens in a structured quality assured environment. Such a controlled environment will only prevail in a dedicated professionally organized cell culture laboratory or cell bank. A small research laboratory with a high throughput of short-term research students, a minimum of permanent laboratory staff and no formal quality management program will find it difficult to maintain its cell lines unchanged over many years.

For all these reasons it is strongly recommended that new cell lines should only be acquired from a specialist, reputable culture collection such as ECACC. Moreover, if a laboratory believes it already has a certain cell line in its liquid nitrogen store, the identity and purity of such a cell line should be questioned in the absence of a well-recorded culture history and recent test data. If there is a doubt, it is straightforward and cost effective to replace such cell stocks with authenticated material from a Culture Collection.

When a Cell Culture Collection “accessions” a new cell line it will characterize the cell line using techniques such as isoenzyme analysis and DNA profiling so that the identity of the cell line can subsequently be verified. The Collection will then establish a hierarchy of Master and Working cell banks, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen, that are demonstrated free from microbial contamination including mycoplasma. Customers are supplied from these authenticated Working Cell Banks (WCB). Replacement WCB's are manufactured from the original Master Cell Bank (MCB) and the new WCB will again be fully tested.

ECACC supplies its cell lines together with advice on how to maintain the line. A Technical Support team will subsequently assist with any difficulties and can often provide additional technical information about the cell line. Culture Collections exist to ensure that animal cell research is conducted using standardized, authenticated material that ensures the work can be reproduced(such as Glass Bottom Cell Culture Dishes, 96 well plate etc). An authenticated cell line of known provenance is the very "bed rock" of any cell based project.

Source: ECACC Handbook-SIGMA

Disinfection

Methods designed for the disinfection/decontamination of culture waste, work surfaces and equipment represent important means for minimizing the risk of harm.

The major disinfectants fall into four groups and their relative merits can be summarized as follows:

Hypochlorites (e.g. Chloros, Presept)

• Good general purpose disinfectant
• Active against viruses
• Corrosive against metals and therefore should not be used on metal surfaces e.g. centrifuges
• Readily inactivated by organic matter and therefore should be made fresh daily
• Should be used at 1000ppm for general use surface disinfection, 2500ppm in discard waste pots for washing pipettes, and 10,000ppm for tissue culture waste and spillage

Phenolics (e.g. Sudol, Hycolin)

• Not active against viruses
• Remains active in the presence of organic matter

Alcohol (e.g. ethanol, isopropanol)

• Effective concentrations 70% for ethanol, 60-70% for isopropanol
• Their mode of activity is by dehydration and fixation
• Effective against bacteria. Ethanol is effective against most viruses but not nonenveloped viruses
• Isopropanol is not effective against viruses

Aldehydes (e.g. glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde)

• Aldehydes are irritants and their use should be limited due to problems of sensitization
• Glutaraldehyde may be used in situations where the use of hypochlorites is not suitable e.g. cleaning of centrifuge bowls or materials constructed of stainless steel that may be attacked or corroded by using hypochlorite solutions.

Waste Disposal

Any employer has a ‘duty of care’ to dispose of all biological waste safely in accordance with national legislative requirements. Given below is a list of ways in which tissue culture waste can be decontaminated and disposed of safely(especially the solid waste, such as flasks, centrifuge tubes, contaminated golves etc). One of the most important aspects of the management of all laboratory-generated waste is to dispose of waste regularly and not to allow the amounts to build up. The best approach is ‘little and often’. Different forms of waste require different treatment.

• Tissue culture waste (culture medium) - Inactivate overnight in a solution of hypochlorite (10,000ppm) prior to disposal to drain with an excess of water
• Contaminated pipettes should be placed in hypochlorite solution (2500ppm) overnight before disposal by autoclaving and incineration
• Solid waste, such as flasks, centrifuge tubes(such as 15ml Centrifuge Tube, 50ml Centrifuge Tube), contaminated gloves, tissues etc. should be placed inside heavy duty sacks for contaminated waste and autoclaved prior to incineration. These bags are available from Bibby Sterilin and Greiner.
• If at all possible waste should be incinerated rather than autoclaved

Source: Sigma-Aldrich

The main aim of risk assessment is to prevent injury, protect property and avoid harm to individuals and the environment. The performance of risk assessment is a legal requirement under the Health and Safety at Work Act, UK. There are other EC directives covering Health and Safety at Work, you can visit the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work website www.europe.osha.eu.int for information on legislation and standards, or you should contact your on-site representative. Consequently risk assessments must be undertaken prior to starting any activity. The assessment consists of 2 elements:

1. Identifying and evaluating the risks.
2. Defining ways of minimizing or avoiding the risk.

For animal cell culture the level of risk is dependent upon the cell line to be used and is based on whether the cell line is likely to cause harm to humans. The different classifications are given below:

• Non human/non primate continuous cell lines and some well characterized human diploid lines of finite lifespan (e.g. MRC-5).

• Poorly characterized mammalian cell lines.

• Cell lines derived from human/primate tissue or blood.
• Cell lines with endogenous pathogens (the precise categorization is dependent upon the pathogen) – refer to ACDP guidelines, 1985, for details.
• Low quality Cell Culture Dishs, Flasks adn Plates.
• Cell lines used following experimental infection where the categorization is dependent upon the infecting agent - refer to ACDP guidelines, 1985, for details*.

*Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (1985) Categorization of Biological Agents According to Hazard and Categories of Containment, 4th edition, HSE books, Sudbury, UK

A culture collection, such as ECACC will recommend a minimum the containment level required for a given cell line based upon its risk assessment. For most cell lines the appropriate level of containment is Category 2. However, this may need to be increased to Category 3 depending upon the type of manipulations to be carried out and whether large culture volumes are envisaged. For cell lines derived from patients with HIV or HTLV Category 3 containment is required.

Containment is the most obvious means of reducing risk. Other less obvious measures include restricting the movement of staff and equipment into and out of laboratories, especially the Cell Culture Dish(35mm Cell Culture Dish, 60mm Cell Culture Dish, 100mm Cell Culture Dish). Good laboratory practice and good bench techniques such as ensuring work areas are uncluttered, reagents are correctly labeled and stored, are also important for reducing risk and making the laboratory a safe environment in which to work. Staff training and the use of written standard operating procedures and risk assessments will also reduce the potential for harm. Training courses covering the basics of tissue culture safety are offered by ECACC.

Source: ECACC Handbook