<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet href="http://blogs.albawaba.com/styles/rss.css" type="text/css"?>
<rss version="2.0" 
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
>
 <channel>
  <title>Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</title>
  <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 10 Feb 2012 23:10:27 +0000</pubDate>
  <generator>http://blogs.albawaba.com</generator>
    <item>
   <title>The Decentralization of a Monarchy</title>
   <description>
    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;In a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/speeches/full_text_of_hm_the1682/view&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;speech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt; on Nov. 6, 2009, King Mohammed VI of Morocco stated his intention to press ahead with decentralizing the kingdom, and that the &amp;ldquo;Saharan provinces&amp;rdquo; will be among the first regions to experience its benefits. The date marked the 34th anniversary of the Green March, when 350,000 unarmed Moroccans crossed into Spain&amp;#39;s former Sahara colony, now internationally referred to as the Western Sahara, to reassert the kingdom&amp;#39;s historic ties to the region. Since then, an ongoing territorial dispute has pitted the region&amp;#39;s Polisario independence movement, backed with arms and financing by neighboring Algeria, against the central government in Rabat.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;The Polisario Front was created in 1973 with the goal of ending the Spanish occupation of the Western Sahara. Beginning in 1975, following Spain&amp;rsquo;s departure, the group shifted the focus of its efforts to opposing the subsequent annexation of the region by Morocco and Mauritania. In the same year, the Algerian government began providing the Polisario with support, while the International Court of Justice ruled that the people of the Western Sahara had the right to self-determination. Morocco&amp;rsquo;s claims of historic ties to the Sahrawi (Arabic-Amazigh) tribes of the region are disputed by the Polisario Front, which maintains that the Western Sahara&amp;rsquo;s indigenous inhabitants are historically distinct in terms of their experience and culture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;In 1979, the Polisario signed a peace treaty with Mauritania, which relinquished its claim to the Western Sahara. Morocco subsequently annexed the rest of the territory that Mauritania had vacated. Hostilities continued between Morocco and the Polisario until a ceasefire was negotiated in 1991.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Population estimates of the region are also a point of disagreement and controversy, but total current inhabitants may be upwards of 400,000 people. This does not include Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf camp inside the Algerian border, which the United Nations suggests could amount to approximately 90,000 people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;Any further progress toward resolving the conflict was stalemated by disagreements over who in the region should be allowed to vote in an independence referendum.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Morocco&amp;rsquo;s King Mohammed VI has since rejected the referendum option, most recently because of the autonomy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sc9007.doc.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;proposal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt; that the kingdom submitted to the United Nations in 2007.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Morocco&amp;rsquo;s autonomy proposal to the United Nations calls for decentralizing authority to the people and institutions of the Western Sahara so that they may manage their own affairs, while remaining under Moroccan sovereignty. Extensive discussions are still required in order to determine the specifics of this proposed arrangement. Negotiations between the parties since 2007 have not produced a final status agreement, and a new round of negotiations, which would be the fifth, has not yet been scheduled.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;Decentralization offers a potential means of conflict resolution by providing sub-regions with autonomy, responsibility, and capacities to advance the empowerment of development, all of which can have a stabilizing effect. The guiding principle is that decentralization creates national unity, or at least greater levels of peace, by way of enabling increased levels of regional diversity and determination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;The history of the United States offers examples of how federalist-decentralized systems can function both to mitigate and exacerbate regional tensions. Federalism initially enabled conflicts to be overcome among northern and southern states during the founding of the United States, conflicts that might otherwise have prevented the country&amp;#39;s formation. However, decentralization may also be a cause for conflict if it is used to enable secessionist movements, which also tragically occurred in the United States.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;King Mohammed VI is mindful of this potential danger of decentralization, and he stated that the process of decentralization and the strengthening of national solidarity must go &amp;quot;hand in hand.&amp;quot; This is one essential reason why the king called for a &amp;quot;gradual&amp;quot; decentralization process.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;The way decentralization is implemented will decide if it generates the needed trust and ushers in a new period of lasting peace and greater prosperity. If it successfully resolves the Western Saharan conflict, decentralization would also remove the greatest obstacle preventing strong collaboration among the Maghreb Union -- a regional bloc that includes Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Virtually all nations of the world are part of a regional bloc because of the wide range of economic opportunities they present (larger markets, greater economies of scale, lower prices and inflation, and increased efficiency and self-reliance), as well as the chance to cooperate on regional challenges such as pollution and immigration. A more viable and productive Union is clearly a highly important goal of Morocco&amp;#39;s king, as he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/speeches/full_text_of_h.m._ki/view&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;understands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt; that it is an essential step toward becoming better competitive in a globalized environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;In the context of the Western Sahara, it would be prudent to devolve government responsibilities as locally as possible because that will likely be perceived by the people of the region as a more-heightened level of autonomy, which will, in turn, build further trust. It is also important that the people and institutions of the region become engaged with and receive benefits from decentralization as soon as possible so that they develop a stake in the system and therefore seek to maintain it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;The king often emphasizes utilizing the participatory method toward decentralization. The participatory approach involves direct engagement of the people in managing their own development and social affairs, instilling in them a sense of control and ownership of issues they deem important. In the Western Sahara, local people would see that the region&amp;#39;s future depends on and reflects the decisions that they make.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;Western Saharan public and private institutions should be identified that can be effective vehicles for transferring skills related to facilitating participatory development to its members. For example, members of indigenous civil associations dedicated to local development ought to be targeted to receive training. The more widely these essential skills are dispersed, the more likely development that meets the self-described needs of the people will occur and decentralization will have the chance to succeed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;Decentralization along the lines that Morocco&amp;#39;s king enumerated will require reforming the Ministry of Interior, whose purpose is the internal security of the nation. First, as the registering agency, it can play a major role in the building of institutional partnerships by making available to the public, via the Internet, the contact information of the tens of thousands of nonprofit Moroccan associations, broken down by region and mission category. Second, protocols requiring notification of the Ministry of Interior of local community planning meetings and project implementation activities should be phased out. Finally, a review of ways the Ministry of Interior can use its network to assist local and regional development should be a high priority.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;A decentralization agency as part of the palace administration would help build productive institutional partnerships, within government and among all sectors and levels. Observers have suggested that the king&amp;#39;s greatest challenge is to guide the transition toward decentralization. An agency within the Royal Cabinet would create the strategic position for that purpose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Morocco&amp;#39;s successful decentralization could create historic opportunities for the nation and the region. By fulfilling the political, social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspirations of its population, it could also result in the most viable conditions for ending the conflict of the Western Sahara to date.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0in 0pt&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Yossef Ben-Meir is a professor of sociology at Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco. He is also president of the High Atlas Foundation, a non-government organization founded by former Peace Corps Volunteers and dedicated to advancing community development in Morocco. The views expressed in the article are his own and do not reflect those of Al Akhawayn University or the High Atlas Foundation.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The article is extracted from a longer essay recently published in World Politics Review.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2010/02/15/423669-the-decentralization-of-a-monarchy</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2010/02/15/423669-the-decentralization-of-a-monarchy</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2010/02/15/423669-the-decentralization-of-a-monarchy</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Mon, 15 Feb 2010 15:02:24 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Obama on Race: Process over Product</title>
   <description>
    &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;What was revealed about President Barack Obama&amp;rsquo;s outlook on racial issues as he dealt with the controversy over the arrest of Harvard University Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.?  Interestingly, the principle view shown by the President was also highlighted by his Attorney General in a controversial speech he gave last February commemorating African American History Month.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;After making unintentional remarks about the arrest of Professor Gates in his home by Sergeant James Crowley of the Cambridge police, President Obama extended an invitation to the gentlemen for a beer at the White House--a positive gathering which occurred on July 30th.  The idea it seems behind the invitation is that direct communication between parties involved in a conflict (in this case, Dr. Gates and Sgt. Crowley) and a skilled third-party facilitator (here the President of the United States), can advance mutual understanding among the participants.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;	Attorney General Eric Holder also underscored the dialogue theme in his noted speech about race.  He said that &amp;ldquo;we, average Americans, simply do not talk enough with each other about race,&amp;rdquo; and that &amp;ldquo;we must feel comfortable enough with one another, and tolerant enough of each other, to have frank conversations about the racial matters that continue to divide us.&amp;rdquo;  Participatory communication to which Mr. Holder seems to refer is an internationally applied methodology that builds more productive racial-ethnic relations through inclusive direct dialogue.  The process begins with groups building trust (by sharing and acknowledging life experiences), leading to expressions of regret.  Racial dialogue and reconciliation at the local level can gradually become vehicles for participants to collaboratively plan and implement their priority socio-economic and environmental initiatives.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;	Mr. Holder&amp;rsquo;s comment in that speech that received great (negative) attention--that we are &amp;ldquo;essentially a nation of cowards&amp;rdquo;--was directed at the reality that we as a nation commonly avoid inter-personal and -group dialogue on issues of race (and, for that matter, religion).  People may not have the opportunity to participate in discussions about race, but also they may not want to in order to not feel the discomfort that can go along with conversing about how race can determine opportunities in life, for example.  While recognizing it is difficult, Holder suggests that people ought to persist and talk through hard issues.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;  	From these two incidences involving the President and the Attorney General, what can we learn about how the Obama administration might approach crux issues such as an apology from the federal government for slavery, affirmative action and reparations, and institutional racism (in the criminal justice system, the economy, health, and education) creating disproportionate levels of poverty and incarceration among African Americans particularly?	Foremost, Obama&amp;rsquo;s policies may significantly grow from inter-racial &amp;ldquo;listening&amp;rdquo; (an act often repeated by Obama)--or racial dialogue across U.S. communities.  In fact, policies and programs that create constructive local dialogue about racial and ethnic experiences and partnership could be viewed by the administration as an end in itself.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;	This approach to managing racial issues embodies the President&amp;rsquo;s bottom-up philosophy, and could unfold in society in the following way.  Understanding and relationships among racial and ethnic groups are built during inclusive local dialogue.  Then, coalitions form and local racial movements composed of diverse groups spread horizontally--from one group to another and from one community to another through peers, its demonstration effect, and the ongoing training and work of facilitators.  The local movements then partner and have a vertical effect--on state and national laws and policies.	For this to happen, dialogue at the community level needs to be catalyzed, facilitated, and sustained.  What kinds of programs then spur on these local bottom-up processes?  To start, the U.S. Department of Education could dedicate funding to compiling existing and creating new participatory dialogue activities that provide some structure to group dialogue to maximize information sharing, and build trust and partnership.  A warehouse of racial dialogue tools ought to be made available on-line.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;	People, particularly those in a position to apply them, need to be trained in facilitating community-dialogue.  Training can be given to leaders in government from the many departments who liaison with local communities; members of communities of faith with support from the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships; AmeriCorps and other grassroots volunteers; university students through community-building programs; and community workers from Organizing for America, the successor organization to Obama for America.  Civil society organizations working on issues of racial reconciliation would be indispensible partners for their community outreach and capacity to train.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;  	The emerging position of Obama on race does not seem as much focused on end solutions to our most challenging problems, but rather more on the process of how sustainable solutions may be found.  Under Obama, then, race-related programs and policies would not be directed toward pre-determined ends, but rather reflect the consensus position derived from countless community conversations.  The end for Obama, then, which utilizes magnificently his skills and identity, is to build the means by which people can come together and talk. &lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dr. Yossef Ben-Meir is joining the faculty at Al Akhawayn University in Morocco next month.  He is president of the High Atlas Foundation, a nongovernment organization founded by former Peace Corps volunteers and dedicated to community development in Morocco.  The views in this article reflect the author&amp;rsquo;s. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Verdana&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px; white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/08/11/158205-obama-on-race-process-over-product</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/08/11/158205-obama-on-race-process-over-product</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/08/11/158205-obama-on-race-process-over-product</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2009 20:20:12 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Morocco’s Local Elections and Decentralization</title>
   <description>
    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;      On June 12th, 2009, the same day that Iran had its contentious presidential elections, Moroccans also went out to polls to participate in local elections. In stark contrast, Morocco&amp;rsquo;s elections were viewed to be both free and fair, and boasted a 15 percent increase in turnout from the 2007 parliamentary elections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     While much of the world&amp;rsquo;s focus has not been on Morocco&amp;rsquo;s new party and efforts for reform, the Authenticity and Modernity party (PAM) gained the most seats in local councils (3 percent more than the ruling Socialists).  PAM&amp;rsquo;s &amp;lsquo;third way&amp;rsquo; message of promoting tradition and progress, business and social justice, and development and the environment energized a grassroots movement rarely seen in Moroccan politics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     PAM now has the potential to considerably guide and execute the large-scale and profoundly significant Moroccan decentralization initiative to enable local communities and provinces to have a greater say in their own affairs.  The &amp;ldquo;roadmap&amp;rdquo; to decentralization, which describes the project&amp;rsquo;s guiding framework, objectives, and actions, was announced by Morocco&amp;rsquo;s King Mohammed VI on November 6, 2008--the 33rd anniversary of the Green March which saw 350,000 unarmed Moroccans cross into the Western Sahara to unite (or reunite) the region with the Kingdom. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     The idea of decentralization in Morocco was first promoted in 1977 by the late King Hassan II.  In 2007, the Kingdom proposed to the United Nations Security Council a solution to the Western Sahara--&amp;ldquo;autonomy within Moroccan sovereignty,&amp;rdquo; which necessarily involves significant transfer of authority from the central level.  The proposal catalyzed today&amp;rsquo;s new decentralization effort throughout Morocco with the Western Sahara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     The strategic implementation of the roadmap, including a funding level of 10 billion dollars over 10 years, can generate transformative socio-economic and environmental benefits for the entire population (36 plus million people).  It can also establish ideal conditions to resolve the Western Saharan conflict by advancing the political, social, cultural, economic, and environmental fulfillment of the people there, especially those who have suffered most over the course of the international conflict.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     The roadmap includes both &amp;ldquo;devolution&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;deconcentration&amp;rdquo; organizational arrangements, which are to be carried out by the &amp;ldquo;democratic, participatory method.&amp;rdquo;  The participatory development method values local knowledge and engages entire communities in dialogue as they conduct their own investigation and analysis toward the creation of an action plan that reflects local development priorities.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     The King&amp;rsquo;s roadmap has developmental responsibilities (legal, financial, and operational) existing at the sub-national level (among local communities, civil and private groups, and local and regional government).  A range of essential capabilities (to overcome constraints and realize opportunities) need to be built among these local groups through training, education, and experience.  The roadmap intends to strike a balance between national and regional levels, with clear and recognized roles for each. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     Civil organizations play a critical role in decentralized systems and sustaining local projects and are part of partnerships at and between the micro and macro levels of society.  Decentralization can then actually strengthen national solidarity in Morocco due to the web of new participatory-based partnerships that are created.  Local communities generally seek to maintain these kinds of partnerships because they help satisfy their human needs and better enable people to shape the institutions that govern them. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     The roadmap is flexible enough so that the system of decentralization can appropriately grow out of the processes of each village and neighborhood implementing development projects (such as, in rural areas, clean water, fruit tree agriculture, and irrigation).  Successful local development is often replicated by neighboring communities who may embark on a process of their own and work with others to pursue shared goals.  This is generally how scaling-up occurs and new and reformed policies take shape. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     Decentralized development in this form could demonstrate to the 400,000 people in the Western Sahara a relationship with the Kingdom that furthers their self-determined local and regional human development goals.  This is how decentralization could be a path of common interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     To advance decentralization, centers at universities (Western Sahara needs its first university) ought to be created that train facilitators of participatory methods.  The methods are interactive, information-gathering activities that help local people evaluate their conditions and plan priority projects.  Facilitators of planning activities can be extension workers from ministries (such as from agriculture and health), local and regional politicians, teachers, students, from civil organizations, retirees, and citizens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     The new training center at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, for example, which is in partnership with the High Atlas Foundation, is planning training programs with presidents of communes and national park technicians who are then able to more effectively assist development initiatives in the areas they work.  These professional positions and others interface with local communities and they could therefore organize and facilitate participatory community planning meetings to advance decentralized development.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     In order to assist decentralization, Morocco&amp;rsquo;s Ministry of Interior (which is in charge of internal security) ought to develop its role as a provider of information to advance development.  For example, it could help build institutional partnerships by making available online relevant information related to the tens of thousands of Moroccan civil society organizations.  The functions of traditional provincial and local Interior officials should also be reformed so that they are active contributors to development and trust is built.  For example, it might be helpful if the positions of &amp;quot;Kaid,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Sheikh,&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Moqadam&amp;quot; were made directly accountable to presidents of communes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     Finally, a new decentralization project office within the Royal Cabinet would help build innovative partnerships between government, civil, and private institutions, and influence against the centralized tendencies of government.  PAM, being a new party and with its concentration of power at the local level, is probably pre-disposed to work against rigid centralized control of development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     Creating regionalization by way of implementing locally determined and controlled projects that benefit in important ways every person in a rural area will cost approximately 4 billion dollars.  This figure is projected from project experience since the mid-1990s in the Rural Commune of Toubkal (Province of Taroudant) with a population of 10,000 people.  Project costs are kept low because they use local materials and know-how, and labor is often contributed in-kind.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;     Therefore, the cost of this approach to decentralization in all rural and urban areas, with more heavy funding for projects in the Western Sahara, as the King of Morocco proposed, would likely be in the range of 10 billion dollars over 10 years.  Morocco&amp;rsquo;s bold initiative is worth the investment, considering the enormous human development that would ensue, the most probable end to the decades-long Western Saharan conflict, and with that, greater constructive relationships among North African nations.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dr. Yossef Ben-Meir is a sociologist and is president of the High Atlas Foundation, a non-governmental organization founded by former Peace Corps volunteers and dedicated to community development in Morocco.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/07/31/154701-morocco-s-local-elections-and-decentralization</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/07/31/154701-morocco-s-local-elections-and-decentralization</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/07/31/154701-morocco-s-local-elections-and-decentralization</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2009 22:47:39 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Strategic Aid in Pakistan</title>
   <description>
    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;        Depending on how and for what international aid is administered in Pakistan, the hearts and minds of its people, and which of the opposing forces they collaborate with, hang in the balance.  Recent polls indicate that the majority of Pakistanis consider economic and political conditions of greater priority than terrorism, suggesting a real opportunity to gain control over the global threat that the Pakistani situation poses.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	More than 2 million Pakistanis are displaced from their homes, most since early May.  The insurgency had wrested control of the vast Federally Administered Tribal Areas, the Swat district, and the adjoining Buner district.  It threatens the Punjab province--where most Pakistanis live and the nation&amp;rsquo;s nuclear weapons are located--and to control the seat of power in Islamabad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	On May 20, the United States pledged $110 million in emergency aid, and the administration wants Congress to approve $7.5 billion more over 5 years to stabilize the shaky Pakistani government.  The international community also pledged $4 billion last month in Tokyo. Taliban and Al Quaeda havens are encouraged in environments with suppressed human development, and extremist groups also provide some basic support for desperate people and so gain their trust. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	If the United States and international community, working with the Pakistani government to build the people&amp;rsquo;s governing capacities, can implement successful strategic development in Pakistan, the insurgency can be undermined, stability can take hold, and the people themselves will deny the return of the Taliban and Al Quaeda.  Thus, the American special envoy to Pakistan and Afghanistan, Richard C. Holbrooke, and his team are visiting the conflict region this week to evaluate not only how to meet the pressing needs of those displaced, but also the widely recognized (including by the Joint Chiefs of Staff) long-term solution for security--economic, political, and social development.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	Military experts suggest that approximately 1 million troops are needed to stabilize a country of this size--a commitment only possible if a worst case scenario unfolds.  Not since the Marshall Plan after World War II has the international community been absolutely obliged to get aid right, with global peace and untold human lives hanging in the balance.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	Since 2001, the United States has spent $12 billion to help Pakistanis.  Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggested that overall these efforts were unsuccessful.  Failure on this scale actually hurts the public&amp;rsquo;s perception of the United States and of their own government.  In the current climate in Pakistan, the challenge to create successful development is far greater, and so the same international aid approaches will certainly result in the same miserable outcomes.  The situation requires a rethinking of the entire aid approach, grounding it in lessons learned from past development experiences in Pakistan and elsewhere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	Before describing strategies to deliver aid, its overall intended goal should be stated: to engage members of Pakistan&amp;rsquo;s local villages and neighborhoods to implement their own development projects.  Critical benefits follow from this.  Economically, since local people typically know best the viable and culturally appropriate opportunities in their own surroundings, development projects they determine (versus those by government and international agencies) are more sustainable, and generate more jobs and better livelihoods.  Politically, the process of local people together identifying and implementing projects is a participatory form of democracy and organizes a bottom-up people&amp;rsquo;s movement.  Socially, local groups planning development, which necessarily involves sharing ideas and information, is in itself educational, and when aid is directed to support these processes, public trust is fostered toward the providers of aid, including government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	With the mayhem in Pakistan, what kinds of initiatives can further the goal of aid, where should they initially be targeted, and how can they be implemented?  First, more than half of the 2 million plus refugees are registered with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees.  International aid should be available to ensure the U.N.&amp;rsquo;s registration program is fully funded, and that refugees are aware that the previously stated goal of aid will be vigorously pursued, initially targeting displaced communities (many from Swat), impoverished fringes of the Punjab province, and the Buner district, which connects to the Punjab.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	Second, approximately 10 percent of the refugees are in camps along roads, such as south of Swat, where food distribution centers are too.  Anger and conflict will only grow the longer people are in camps.  As much as possible, organization of camps should be similar to that of the specific locales the refugees come from, so dialogue over new development projects can begin before they return to their communities.  Local voices regarding productive local development must be awakened a soon as possible, which should also galvanize popular opinion supportive of moderation.     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	Third, the Provincial Reconstruction Team model used in Iraq and Afghanistan with some success can be improved on by training Pakistani teams (with respectful international assistance) to transfer skills in facilitating &amp;ldquo;participatory&amp;rdquo; development planning methods.  These methods (using community members and leaders, government and civil representatives, school teachers and university students) help local community groups identify and prioritize development projects, and create a plan of action for their implementation.  Teams also build partnerships by working to include relevant Pakistani government agencies in the local design processes of projects.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	Finally, discussion should be accelerated with the Pakistani government on instituting measures that decentralize decision-making authority for development to district and local levels, such as simplifying the formation of civil and political groups, which in turn, can strengthen national sovereignty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;	The local participatory approach to development is an alternative to the terribly wasteful and even harmful top-down approach to international aid used previously in Pakistan.  With world peace increasingly at stake because of the Pakistani situation, bottom-up aid is the urgent alternative to the current approach. 	&lt;em&gt;Dr. Yossef Ben-Meir is a sociologist at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque and president of the High Atlas Foundation, a nonprofit organization that advances community development in Morocco.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Lucida Grande&#039;; color: #666666&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/07/31/154699-strategic-aid-in-pakistan</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/07/31/154699-strategic-aid-in-pakistan</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2009/07/31/154699-strategic-aid-in-pakistan</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2009 22:41:37 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Broadening Peace Corps to Kennedy&#039;s Vision</title>
   <description>
    &lt;p&gt;Considering the economic and political challenges facing the United States and the world today, and given the lessons learned in foreign assistance since it began after World War II with the Marshall Plan, now is the time that the Peace Corps should amend the role that its volunteers play in international development.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Peace Corps, founded in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, currently supports almost&amp;nbsp;8,000 American volunteers who live with local communities in 74 emerging countries around the world, where they promote community development and international friendship.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the current issue of WorldView magazine, a publication of the National Peace Corps Association (NPCA), President-elect Barack Obama states his support for doubling the number of volunteers to 16,000 by 2011.&amp;nbsp; He also recognizes great opportunities that might have been realized for the United States and other countries around the world had President Kennedy&amp;rsquo;s vision of a corps of 100,000 volunteers been fulfilled.&amp;nbsp; The NPCA recently spearheaded a campaign to double the Peace Corps&amp;rsquo; size and move closer to Kennedy&amp;rsquo;s expansion goal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now is the moment to at least double the current number of Peace Corps volunteers.&amp;nbsp; Peace Corps can easily be part of the new economic stimulus package being fashioned to address America&amp;rsquo;s quickly rising unemployment.&amp;nbsp; Volunteers are U.S. federal government employees and receive a modest living stipend and health care coverage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The spreading economic crisis is challenging the stability of developing nations and putting them in greater need of international assistance.&amp;nbsp; Volunteers serve among the most disadvantaged and vulnerable communities and contribute to the local economy as they live and work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is nearly universal agreement that the United States needs urgently to rebuild its image in the world.&amp;nbsp; Volunteers, as good neighbors and in their dedication to meeting human needs, contribute to public diplomacy and to goodwill among nations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Foreign governments also understand, today more than ever, the promise of bottom-up development to decrease poverty, and the potential contribution volunteers can make to its processes.&amp;nbsp; But achieving this potential will remain elusive until the primary role of volunteers in development is transformed to what they are optimally suited to do: act as third-party facilitators to help organize inclusive community meetings, and apply participatory planning activities that help groups prioritize and implement socio-economic and environmental initiatives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There has been a paradigm shift in the field of international development since the Peace Corps began.&amp;nbsp; By the 1990s, the vast majority of international and domestic, public and civil organizations dedicated to socio-economic development and improving the natural environment came to require the participation of local communities (the beneficiaries) in determining and managing projects.&amp;nbsp; Today globalization is also empowering localities with more information, better communication, and more control to promote the change they want to see.&amp;nbsp; The Peace Corps has shown to be a forerunner of this gradual shift toward community-driven development and away from top-down decision-making and control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The global proliferation of bottom-up development strategies is due to their efficacy, including the sense of ownership local communities come to feel toward initiatives because they reflect their own interests, which in turn encourages project sustainability and the attainment of development goals.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;It is often perceived as ironic, however, that for new self-reliant development projects to be implemented, third-parties outside the benefitting communities are needed to spearhead local development planning meetings in rural villages and neighborhoods.&amp;nbsp; Outsiders do not have a personal vested interest in the community initiatives, other than to help ensure that they are inclusive of marginalized groups and they reflect the interests of the community as a whole.&amp;nbsp; For this reason, outside facilitators of community development are more often better positioned than local individuals, at least initially, to help work through conflicts and draw in government and civil groups to partner with communities to advance development.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peace Corps volunteers are ideally positioned to fill this essential third-party role.&amp;nbsp; They are regularly assigned to host-government ministries to help advance social service plans related to health, education, natural resource management, and economic development.&amp;nbsp; Volunteers live in communities targeted to benefit from development, and therefore are natural links between government agencies and local communities.&amp;nbsp; Their overall mission to promote international understanding and their tenure of two years elicits trust, enabling them to catalyze participation in development.&amp;nbsp; Whether they are assigned to teach English or promote public health, help develop small businesses or agricultural opportunities, they are able to organize community meetings driven by what local people want.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Too often, the training of volunteers emphasizes the transference of technical skills, which many evaluations suggest they are ill-suited to deliver (usually due to limited prior professional experience) and are, moreover, likely to already exist in-country.&amp;nbsp; For example, farmers in developing countries hardly need to acquire skills related to animal husbandry, but they can utilize Peace Corps volunteers to bring together people to discuss their own challenges and opportunities, and create plans of action to achieve their own self-identified important goals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Peace Corps goals of cultural exchange and international development are most effectively achieved when volunteers are trained to elicit and respond to the deep interests of communities and community members&amp;rsquo; own visions of change.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is on this basis that President Kennedy&amp;rsquo;s and NPCA&amp;rsquo;s ideal expansion to 100,000 volunteers is well justified.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yossef Ben-Meir is a former Peace Corps volunteer and program director in Morocco.&amp;nbsp; He is president of the High Atlas Foundation, a nonprofit organization founded by former Peace Corps volunteers who served in Morocco and dedicated to community development in that country.&lt;/p&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/12/18/110583-broadening-peace-corps-to-kennedy-s-vision</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/12/18/110583-broadening-peace-corps-to-kennedy-s-vision</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/12/18/110583-broadening-peace-corps-to-kennedy-s-vision</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2008 03:33:27 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>السيادة من خلال اللامركزية</title>
   <description>
    &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;السيادة من خلال اللامركزية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;أسلوب على المستوى المحلي للتطوير في فلسطين&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;بقلم:الدكتور يوسف بن مئير &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;أستاذ في قسم علم الاجتماع &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;جامعة نيومكسيكو&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;رئيس مؤسسة أطلس العليا &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الرباط، المغرب. مدينة نيويورك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;إن تحويل سلطة اتخاذ القرارات المتعلقة بالتطوير والإدارة إلى مجتمعات محلية يحقق العديد من الفوائد الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية الضرورية بصفة خاصة للشعب الفلسطيني في مثل هذا الوقت. ولعل إحدى هذه الفوائد المهمة أن الحكومات تبني فعلاً السيادة على بلدها عندما تدعم المبادرات والشراكات الإستراتيجية التي تمكّن مجتمعاتها المحلّية من مراقبة وتنفيذ مشاريع تلبي حاجاتهم. فالحاجة الملحة للشعب الفلسطيني للانفراج الاجتماعي والاقتصادي وكذلك الحاجة لتوفير الفرص تفرض على السلطة تشغيل أكبر قدر ممكن من الموارد، بما في ذلك رأس المال الاجتماعي في مشاريع التطوير المحلية التي يحددها أبناء القرى والأحياء الفلسطينية من خلال الإجماع في الرأي أثناء عقدهم اللقاءات والاجتماعات. والشراكات الفعالة التي تتضمن التخطيط المشترك مع طلبة وأساتذة الجامعات، أو مع مجالس الحكم المحلي أو مع الشخصيات غير الحكومية وغيرها من الجهات من شأنها أن تعيد بناء بنية الاقتصاد الفلسطيني ليصبح أكثر اعتماداً على النفس وليحقق فوائد سياسية تحقق وحدة وطنية كما تحقق السلام في المنطقة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;أساليب وخصائص اللامركزية:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;للمركزية معانٍ وأهداف عديدة، كما أنها تخدم مصالح مختلفة . مثلاً يسعى إلى اللامركزية كل من أصحاب النظريات وعلماء الاجتماع (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Mohan &amp;amp; stokkle, 2000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) والأنظمة الديمقراطية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Green &amp;amp; Hairies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) . كما تلعب اللامركزية دوراً رئيسياً لدى العاملين في سلطة النقد وكذلك في خطابات ومحاضرات المتحررين الجدد (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Williams,2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) ، كما تسعى حركة التطوير البديلة لتحقيق اللامركزية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Hailey,2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). وجميع هؤلاء يؤيدون اللامركزية ولكن لأسباب مختلفة وبدرجات مختلفة مما يبين أن اللامركزية هي عملية سلسة ومرنة (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;2000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Mohan &amp;amp; Stokkle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;وفي هذه المقالة فإن اللامركزية تشمل :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;صنع القرارات المتعلقة بالتطوير المحلي المؤدي إلى تحقيق فوائد للمجتمعات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;شراكة المجتمعات مع الحكومة والمجتمع المدني والمجموعات الخاصة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;بناء القدرات (الإدارية والمالية والفنية) لهذه المجموعات خصوصاً المجتمعات المحلية في إدارة مشاريعها التطورية الخاصة بها وذات الأولوية. وبشكل عام فإن هناك أربع طرق رئيسية يمكن للمؤسسة أن تستخدمها لتعزيز اللامركزية وهي:- تنازل الحكومة عن السلطة لمجالس الحكم المحلي، الخصخصة، التفويض، وتوزيع السلطات والاختصاصات.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ويتم التنازل عن السلطات عندما تنقل المسئوليات المالية والقانونية في الحكم إلى جهات وطنية فرعية وتصبح هذه الشؤون ليست تحت السيطرة المباشرة للحكومة المركزية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Gonzalez&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1998). ويرى روبرت شامبرز (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Robert Chambers, 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) أن التنازل عن السلطات في إدارة المجتمع لطبقة العامة قد يخلق مشاكل في السيطرة على الموارد المحدودة والتنسيق ما بينها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وفي أسلوب الخصخصة، فإن الحكومة المركزية تعفي نفسها من بعض المسؤوليات وتسمح لمؤسسات تطوعية أو لأصحاب المشاريع الخاصة أن يقوموا بها بدلاً عنها (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Rondinelli, 1993&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) . وإحدى الأمور التي تثير القلق والمتعلقة بالخصخصة وبقية أساليب اللامركزية ولكن بدرجة أقل. أن الخصخصة وأساليب اللامركزية الأخرى تنقل النفوذ من مجموعة نخبة إلى مجموعة أخرى. أو أنها تزيد من غنى المناطق الغنية وتزيد من فقر المناطق الفقيرة. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Brohman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ويشتمل التفويض على نقل سلطة صنع القرارات وتحمل المسؤولية الإدارية عن هذه القرارات إلى المجتمعات المحلية ومؤسساتها لتقوم هذه بتنفيذ مشاريع تنموية والمشاريع هي نشاطات تهدف إلى إشباع الحاجات العملية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Cheater&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1999).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وأخيراً فإن توزيع السلطات والاختصاصات يعني أن تنقل الحكومات المركزية السلطة إلى مستويات أدنى رتبة داخل الوزارات. وأحد الأمور التي تسعى إليه عملية توزيع السلطات والاختصاصات هو مساعدة المستويات الأدنى رتبة للعمل عن كثب مع مجموعات وطنية فرعية أخرى ضمن إطار ديمقراطي (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Mukambe, 1996&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). كما وتتبادل في عملية توزيع السلطات والاختصاصات الحكومات المركزية ومجالس الحكم المحلي الأفكار وتعد معاً جداول أعمال مشتركة من شأنها أن تعزز استخدام الموارد المالية بطريقة أكثر فعالية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Kumar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. وتعريف اللآمركزيّة المشار اليه أعلاه هو مزيج من أسلوبي التفويض والتنازل عن السلطات.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وتسعى برامج اللامركزية لإيجاد تمثيل أوسع في مشاريع التطوير من أبناء غالبية الشعب، والفقراء المحليين والمجموعات السياسية والدينية والعرقية والقبلية. وعندما يتحقق ذلك، فإن اللامركزية من شأنها أن تزيد من التفاعل والتعددية وإقامة العلاقات المترابطة ( الأفقية والعمودية) وكذلك تزيد من الحركات الاجتماعية، والهدف من خلق تمثيل أوسع للمجموعات المحلية هو إشباع الحاجات المحلية عن طريق الموارد المحلية، مثل تشغيل الأيدي العاملة واستغلال القدرات لدى عامة الشعب. وفي الحقيقة فإن هناك علاقة إيجابية مهمّة ما بين عدد الأسر في المجتمع التي تساهم في التكاليف وانجازات المشروع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Prokopy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2005). وبرامج اللامركزية من شأنها أن تطور القدرات الإدارية لمجالس الحكم المحلي والمجموعات الخاصة، ومهاراتهم الإدارية والفنية، وقدراتهم على التخطيط وحل الصراعات وإدارة الموارد بما في ذلك الموارد المالية. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الحكومة الوطنية واللامركزية:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;بالرغم من أنه في الأنظمة اللامركزية استقلال أكبر لفئات عامة الشعب، فإن الحكومة الوطنية ستبقى تحتفظ بدور مهم، حيث أن الحكومات الوطنية مسؤولة عن سياسة المشاريع الاقتصادية الكبيرة والتي من شأنها أن تساعد الاقتصاد المحلي على التطور، كما أنها هي المسؤولة كذلك عن السياسة الخارجية والقضاء القومي ومجالات أخرى ذات أهمية. إلا أن أحد الأهداف الواضحة لللامركزية هو زيادة الاكتفاء الذاتي الذي يسمح بالمرونة والسرعة والكفاءة بالتعامل مع مسائل التطوير (2005 وآخرون &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Von Braun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وقد وصفت اللامركزية بأنها وسيلة لتغيير الأنظمة السياسية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Brohman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1996) فاللامركزية تقلل من مسؤوليات الحكومات الوطنية وذلك بسبب عدم قدرتها على توفير الفوائد المباشرة لعامة الشعب (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Mohan &amp;amp; Stokkle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2000) . وهذا قد يخلق صراعات سياسية وذلك لأن السياسيين والبيروقراطيين يعارضون فقدان النفوذ.. وهذا الصراع حول إعادة توزيع النفوذ يفترض أن عمليات التحويل للامركزية يجب أن تتم تدريجياً وبحذر وعبر فترة من الوقت. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Binswanger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ، 1998).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;جدول &amp;quot;1&amp;quot; :&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;الانتقادات الموجهة للامركزية&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; background-color: transparent; border: black 1pt solid&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;محاولات تنفيذها قليلة مما يجعلها تفشل في تحقيق النتائج المرغوبة مثل اتخاذ القرارات الديمقراطية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تسبب السيطرة على الموارد وتنسيقها مشكلة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;يبقى هناك سيطرة للسلطة المركزية على السلطات المحلية ، بل وقد تتعمق مثل هذه السيطرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;بالرغم من ان الفوائد تفوق التكاليف، إلا أن اللامركزية لا تتحقق دون ثمن.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;مجالس الحكم المحلي تنقصها الموارد وبالتالي تكون غير قادرة على العمل (حيث تكون الميزانيات بين الحكومات المركزية)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تتشعب المعاني والأهداف بحسب رغبات الأيدولوجيات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;ينتقل النفوذ من طبقة نخبة إلى طبقة نخبة أخرى دون أن يشارك عامة الناس&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;وجود صراع لأن البيروقراطيين والسياسيين يعارضون فقدان النفوذ ( العملية يجب أن تكون تدريجية)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;عندما تساعد الحكومات الوطنية في مبادرات اللامركزية التي ترمي إلى مساعدة مجالس الحكم المحلي في تحديد وتنفيذ مشاريع التطوير ذات الأولوية ( مثل تقليل نسبة الفقر، وخلق فرص العمل، والتعليم والصحة والبيئة...الخ) فإنها تساعد أيضاً على خلق شراكات متنوعة على كافة المستويات داخل البلد ومثل هذه الشركات ما بين الحكومة، والمجتمع المدني، ومجالس الحكم المحلي ومؤسساتها والمجموعات الخاصة تؤدي إلى تبادل المعلومات والتنسيق بشكل أكثر فعالية ما بين الحكومات المركزية ومجالس الحكم المحلي داخل المناطق (مشروع الألفين للأمم المتحدة ، 2005). ونتيجة لذلك، تسعى مجالس الحكم المحلي للمحافظة على هذه الشراكات بما في ذلك الشراكة مع المستوى الوطني وذلك لان مثل هذه الشراكات تساعد في إشباع حاجاتها البشرية كما أنها تساعد الناس على تحديد شكل المؤسسات التي يديرونها. كما وان مجالس الحكم المحلي تساهم من خلال هذه الشراكات في المحافظة على نظام لامركزي أكثر تجاوباً مع متطلباتهم ويهتم بمصالحهم ويشتمل على المساواة في توزيع الموارد . وتستفيد الحكومات المركزية من هذه الشراكات بخلق أهداف عامة وشاملة وخلق توازن وتنافس ما بين المحافظات مما يعزز من أدائها (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Rolly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2001)، ويؤثر على المناطق البعيدة عن مراكز الحكومة الوطنية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Gonzalea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1998) ويزيد من الاستقرار السياسي والوحدة الوطنية كما ويعزز شراكة الحكومة المركزية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Arora&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1994). كما أن اللامركزية وسيلة لحل الصراعات وذلك بتوفير الاستقلال للمحافظات مما يكون له أثر في تعزيز الاستقرار.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ويرى &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Racelis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (1992) أن نظام اللامركزية في الحكم أول ما بدأ في آسيا في الخمسينات والستينات ومن ثم انتقل إلى القارات الأخرى. إلا أنه كان هناك تراجعاً نحو السيطرة المركزية في الثمانينات وذلك بعد أزمات النفط في السبعينات وكذلك عندما وقعت برامج اللامركزية الحديثة العهد في مشاكل.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وإحدى هذه المشاكل التي واجهتها برامج اللامركزية الحديثة العهد كان في غانا وساحل العاج حيث كانت مجالس الحكم المحلي تفتقر إلى الموارد وغير قادرة على تأدية وظيفتها في التخطيط للتطوير وتنفيذه (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Binswanger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1998). ويعود ذلك إلى تردد الحكومات المركزية في إتباع نظام اللامركزية في إدارة الميزانيات الوطنية والموافقة على المخصصات المالية. وفي السنوات الأخيرة كان هناك توجهاً نحو اللامركزية ونظام المشاركة المحلية. وتلخص لنا القائمة رقم -2 لمحة موجزة عن النظام اللامركزي.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;قائمة رقم -2&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;أصول النظام اللامركزي&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; background-color: transparent; border: black 1pt solid&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الخمسينات والستينات- بدأ النظام اللامركزي في آسيا ثم انتقل إلى القارات الأخرى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الخمسينات- أدخلت بريطانيا النظام اللامركزي إلى مستعمراتها وذلك لتحويل النظام داخل هذه المستعمرات قبل استقلالها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الستينات والسبعينات- عدم الرضى عن نظام التطور الكيني فبدأت معظم الدول باستخدام النظام اللامركزي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الستينات- تركيز الدول الإفريقية الاشتراكية على &amp;quot; المشاركة&amp;quot; مما يدعم الرأي القائل بأن جذورها تمتد للمرحلة ما بعد الاستعمار&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الثمانينات- التحول إلى السيطرة المركزية بعد أزمات النفط في السبعينات وبعد تعرض البرامج اللامركزية إلى مشاكل.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;التطوير البديل، الفوضى، الحركة التحررية الجديدة، الديمقراطية والخيار العقلاني، والحركة الاجتماعية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;حديثاً- هناك توجه وتفضيل لاستخدام برامج اللامركزية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;اللامركزية والتطوير المشارك به: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;التطوير المشارك به -هو جزء من إطار التطوير البديل &amp;ndash; ويشكل مظلة لنشاطات جمع المعلومات والتفاعل التي تساعد أفراد المجتمع المحلي أن يقيّموا ظروفهم ويخططوا وينفذوا المشاريع معاً. وهو تطوير يتفهم ما لدى عامة الناس من إبداع ومعرفة. ويشكّل عامة الناس الأركان الأساسية في هذه العملية &amp;ndash; فهم يتخذون القرارات ويطرحون ويصيغون المشاكل والحلول الملائمة لها، وتحت أيديهم السيطرة خلال جميع مراحل المشروع وعلى جميع عناصره.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;تعزز نشاطات التطوير المشارك به الحوار والائتلاف ، كما تبرز الحكم الذاتي الديمقراطي. وخلال عملية التفاعل والتعاون في المشاريع ، تتكيف النشاطات مع الأوضاع المحلية، وتكتسب الخصائص الثقافية والبيئية والاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية والتقاليد المحلية. وهذا بدوره يزيد من عمر المشاريع والفوائد التي تحققها( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Van der Eb et al , 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) ، كذلك فإن هذه النشاطات تجعل أفراد المجتمع المحلي يشكلون مؤسسات محلية جديدة لتنفيذ مشاريع التطوير، ويكون أداء هذه المؤسسات أفضل من تلك المؤسسات التي تكونها وتنشئها مؤسسات خارجية. فقد وجدت إحدى الدراسات التي أجراها البنك الدولي من بين (25) دراسة حول المشاريع&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;أن نجاح التطوير المتواصل كان له علاقة قوية بإنشاء مؤسسات محلية ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Pretty &amp;amp; Ward,2001 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;). والتطوير المؤسساتي الناشئ عن التطوير المشارك هو أحد العناصر الهامة من حيث قدرته على ربط الحكومة والمجتمع المدني والمجموعات الخاصة معاً بوحدة قوية ( مشروع الألفين للأمم المتحدة ، 2005 ) ، والذي بدوره يرتبط ب أو يؤدي إلى مزيد من الاستقلال الوطني ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Kapoor, 2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وتعمل كثير من النشاطات المشارك بها على استخدام أساليب قياس وتصنيف وذلك لتحديد المشاريع التي لها الأولوية في التطوير. كما وتستخدم هذه النشاطات طرقاً أخرى في تحليل الأوضاع لتحديد المشاريع ذات الأولوية مثل إعداد خرائط، وتحديد وضع الأسر، وتحديد المخاطر الناتجة عن المشروع، وتحديد الممتلكات في الحي المحلي. كما ويستخدم الرسم البياني لتحديد المؤسسات الرئيسية التي تدعم التطوير وعلاقاتها ببعضها والنشاطات والأعمال التي ستقوم بها كل مؤسسة في فصول السنة المختلفة. ومن الضروري وجود مشرفين يسهلون من عملية تنفيذ النشاطات فذلك يساعد في تنظيم الاجتماع وضمان مشاركة واسعة وطرح الأسئلة ، وإدارة الصراعات ، والمحافظة على تسلسل المعلومات.. ويمكن لمعلمي المدارس والأخصائيين الاجتماعيين من مجموعات حكومية وغير حكومية، وشخصيات من مجموعات خاصة وحكومية دولية، وأفراد من المجتمع المحلي أن يعملوا كمشرفين على تسهيل سير النشاطات. وتدريب مثل هؤلاء الأشخاص أمر ضروري ومهم، والتعلم عن طريق الخبرة والتنفيذ هو أفضل أساليب إكسابهم المهارات التي يحتاجونها بشكل أكثر فعالية. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;والمؤسسات الحكومية وغير الحكومية هم شركاء في عملية التطوير المشارك بها، فهي تتبادل المعلومات وتطورها ، وتوفر الموارد ، كما وأنها جزء من شبكة العلاقات التي تساعد على الدمج الأفقي والعمودي وعلى العمل التعاوني ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Straus,2002 l &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;) ويمكن لعملية التطوير المشارك بها أن تتوسع وتنتقل من مجموعة لأخرى ومن مجتمع محلي لآخر عن طريق الزملاء وعن طريق ما تحققه من نتائج ظاهرة. ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Nolan, 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ). ويستطيع أفراد من المجتمع المحلي أن يلعبوا دور المدربين لأحياء مجاورة أو مجالس محلية مجاورة تعمل على البدء بمشاريع تطوير جديدة ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Prokopy&amp;amp; Castelloe,1999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;القائمة 3-&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;فوائد اللامركزية. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; background-color: transparent; border: black 1pt solid&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;مراكز بديلة ذات استقلال أوسع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;بناء قدرات مجالس الحكم المحلي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;حل الصراعات عن طريق توفير الاستقلال للمحافظات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;السيطرة وصنع القرارات بيد مساهمين محليين&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;التنسيق بين الحكومات ومجالس الحكم المحلي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;المرونة والسرعة والكفاءة في التطوير&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الناس هم من يحدد شكل المؤسسات التي يحكمونها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;التفاعل والتعددية وإقامة شبكة علاقات وتحالفات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الموارد المحلية تشبع الحاجات المحلية ( توفير فرص العمل )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;التقليل من الدور السياسي للحكومة الوطنية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تحويل الأنظمة السياسية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;نسبة تمثيل أعلى ما بين عامة الناس والفقراء المحليين والمجموعات السياسية والدينية والعرقية والقبلية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: #ebe9ed; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; border-left: black 1pt solid; width: 6.15in; padding-top: 0in; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; background-color: transparent&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;590&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;خلق نظام اجتماعي أكثر تجاوباً وأكثر مساواة. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الأوضاع في فلسطين : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;الاحتلال والسيطرة الرجعية على فلسطين وضع شعبها في صراع عميق لتحقيق الحاجات البشرية الأساسية في ظل ظروف شديدة البؤس تتصف بالفقر وتدهور الخدمات الصحية وتدمير البيئة والمعاناة على مستوى الفرد والمجتمع. 85% من أهالي غزة الواقعة تحت الحصار منذ حزيران عام 2006، وما يقارب ثلثي أبناء الضفة الغربية يعتمدون على المساعدات الإنسانية من أجل البقاء ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Wilson, 2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ). وتمثل المساعدات الأجنبية ثلث الميزانية العامة، (ومنذ عام 2007 يذهب معظمها إلى الضفة الغربية)، حيث تموّل هذه المساعدات أغلبية رواتب القطاع العام ( البنك الدولي، 2008 ). وفي عام 2007 ، كان معدل البطالة في قطاع غزة يعادل 35.2% ، وفي الضفة الغربية 24.5% ( مكتب الإحصاء المركزي الفلسطيني، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;PCP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ويتأثر بالفقر المدقع ثلثا سكان قطاع غزة وأكثر من ثلث سكان &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;الضفة الغربية ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;UNCTAD,2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ). وإجمالاً فإن ثلثي الشعب الفلسطيني يعيش في حالة فقر ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;CAP, 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) وينتشر الفقر الشديد ومن المتوقع أن يتسع نطاقه وفقاً لما تشير إليه معدلات النمو الاقتصادي بالنسبة لمعدلات نمو السكان. وفي تقرير للبنك الدولي ( 2008)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;فإن هناك 30% نقصان في الانتاج المحلي الإجمالي للفرد الواحد مقارنة بما وصلت إليه عام 1999. كما أن مشاركة قطاع المرأة الفلسطينية في سوق العمل يعتبر من أدنى معدلات المشاركة في العالم ( البنك الدولي، 2008 ). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وتعتمد البنية الاقتصادية الفلسطينية بشكل كبير ومتواصل على بنية الاقتصاد الإسرائيلي، فما يقارب 70-80% من واردات وصادرات الفلسطينيين هي مع إسرائيل ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;IPR,2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ) . وبلغت نسبة العجز في الميزان التجاري لعام 2007 ما يقارب 2.1 بليون دولار (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;UNCTAD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2008) . ويؤدي الاحتلال المتواصل إلى مزيد من الاتكالية ومزيد من العجز في الميزان التجاري. وفي الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة كان معدل نمو الانتاج المحلي الإجمالي لعام 2007 يعادل 0.5% (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;PCBS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)، وتمثل الواردات ما قيمته 80% من الانتاج المحلي الإجمالي. وفي الحقيقة فإن القوة الاقتصادية تعتمد إلى حد كبير ليس على الصناعات المحلية بل على بيع البضائع المستوردة من إسرائيل (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Hanieh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;إن رفض الإسرائيليين لأن يحصل الفلسطينيون على رخص للبدء بمشاريع إنتاجية وصرف رواتب العمال الفلسطينيين لدخلهم في استهلاك البضائع من إسرائيل (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Roy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2002) من شأنه أن يزيد من دمج الاقتصاد الفلسطيني في الاقتصاد الإسرائيلي (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Samara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2000).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وما يزيد الأمر سوءاً هو &amp;quot; الضغط المزدوج&amp;quot; الناتج عن استيراد البضائع الرخيصة من الصين والذي من شأنه أن يزيد في مفاقمة نسبة التوظيف ويدمر القدرات الإنتاجية بما في ذلك المنتجات التقليدية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Laub&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2008، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Reuters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2008). وعلى الرغم من أن الواردات السنوية التي يستوردها الفلسطينيون من الصين تزداد بمعدل أسرع مما هو عليه في إسرائيل إلا أن مجموع ما يستورده الفلسطينيون من الصين لا يعادل سوى 10% فقط قيمة البضائع التي تستوردها إسرائيل من الصين.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;إن الاعتماد الاقتصادي الفلسطيني الكامل على إسرائيل يجعل العلاقات أكثر مرارة وسريعة الانفجار، ويخلد من الوضع المتدهور للشعب الفلسطيني. فالانتعاش وتوفير الفرص للعيش هي ما يحتاجه الفلسطينيون بشكل فوري بحيث يتم ذلك بأسلوب يعزز من الاعتماد على النفس ويعيد بناء الاقتصاد ويقلل من سرعة تأثر الاقتصاد بالمؤثرات الخارجية ويعزز من الاستقرار الإقليمي.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ربما إن ما يدعم ضرورة إتباع برامج لامركزية عن طريق التطوير المشارك به هو الحالات المتوفرة في أنحاء العالم عن مشاريع التطوير الاقتصادي والتي تشهد على فعالية اللامركزية في تعزيز (معدل التوظيف، والقدرة الإنتاجية، ومعدلات النمو، والفوائد الاقتصادية)، وتحقيق فوائد اجتماعية (تعليم، صحة، تلاحم اجتماعي والاعتزاز والكرامة)، ومن خلال مشاركة المجتمعات المحلية، يتم تنفيذ المشاريع بهدف الانتعاش الفوري أسرع مما لو تم تنفيذها عن طريق أساليب التطوير التقليدية، وكذلك بتكاليف أقل ومخاطر أقل. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Morris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2003).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;كما أن ذلك يؤدي إلى ازدياد البضائع والخدمات المقدمة (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Gaventa &amp;amp; Blauert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2000) والأكثر أهمية أن القاعدة الاقتصادية تصبح أكثر تنوعاً مما يقلل من الاتكالية (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Eade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 1997).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تنفيذ اللامركزية في فلسطين:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;إن تنفيذ اللامركزية في فلسطين يحتاج إلى عملية مزدوجة:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تصميم قرى الأرياف والتجمعات السكانية في المدن على أولوياتها التنموية وخططهم لتنفيذ ذلك، وذلك من خلال الحوار والإجماع في الرأي مدعوماً بالتسهيلات التي تحتاج إلى مهارات فنية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;توفير الأموال لتنفيذ المشاريع المصممة محلياً. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;وفيما يلي بعض الأفكار التي تساعد على التقدم في كلا المجالان. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;إن الأوضاع في فلسطين قد دفعت كثير من المؤسسات غير الحكومية والمتخصصة للقيام بدور مزود الخدمات (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Hadidy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2006) وهناك مؤسسات محلية، وأخرى متعددة الجنسية في فلسطين مثل لجنة الإنعاش الزراعي الفلسطيني (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Symes &amp;amp; Jasser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2000) ومؤسسة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;UNDP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; التي أوجدت أمثلة إيجابية لمشاريع تطوير مشارك بها. ويرى البنك الدولي (2008) أن السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية ، وحماس واسرائيل قد أغلقت مؤسسات المجتمع المدني التي تقدم الخدمات للشعب الفلسطيني. ومع ذلك فما زال هناك عدد كاف من المجموعات التي من المحتمل أن تشارك في تقديم الخدمات وتقديم المهارات اللازمة لتحث على وتنظم إجتماعات تخطيط يعقدها المجتمع المحلي وتساعد في تنفيذ المشاريع التي يحددها أبناء المجتمعات المحلية معاً. فآلاف الرجال والنساء الفلسطينيين من جميع قطاعات المجتمع الفلسطيني (مثل المعلمين، وشخصيات من مؤسسات غير حكومية، وخبراء في الزراعة والصحة..الخ وقادة اجتماعيين وسياسيين ومواطنين آخرين) يمكن تدريبهم للعمل على تسهيل عقد اجتماعات تخطيط لأبناء المجتمعات المحلية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وهناك مبادرات يمكنها تقديم مهارات في التطوير وتحث على عقد اجتماعات تطوير لأبناء المجتمعات المحلية عبر الأحياء والقرى في كافة أنحاء فلسطين. إلا أن هناك حاجة لوجود طرف ثالث مسئول لتساعد في بناء الشراكات الضرورية ما بين كافة القطاعات وذلك بهدف البدء بمشاريع التطوير اللامركزية مثل تدريب الأشخاص على تسهيل عقد اجتماعات بين أفراد المجتمع المحلي. فالمؤسسة التي تعمل كطرف ثالث لديها المرونة للتعامل مع الحكومة والقطاع الخاص والمؤسسات المدنية، المحلية والدولية، لزيادة الدعم بما في ذلك الدعم المالي، وتساعد على التفاوض، والحوار، من خلال تصميم برامج تطوير محددة مشارك بها. وهذا الطرف الثالث يستطيع أن يعد خطة تطوير فلسطينية قائمة على مبادئ اللامركزية والاعتماد على النفس( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;UNCTAD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;، 2008)، وعلى توسيع &amp;quot;نطاق سياسة&amp;quot; السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;أحد البرامج ذات الأولوية لخلق مؤسسة متخصصة في اللامركزية في فلسطين هو إنشاء مراكز وبرامج تدريب على تطوير المجتمع قد تبدأ في الجامعات ومع الوقت تنتقل إلى داخل المجتمع الفلسطيني. فالشباب في الشرق الأوسط هم من بين الفئات الأعلى بطالة في العالم ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;United Nations,2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). ففي المغرب تم إنشاء واحداً من مثل هذه المراكز في الفصل الدراسي الأول من هذا العام في جامعة الحسن الثاني قرب الدار البيضاء. وحيث أن اجتماعات وعمليات التنمية المحلية تتطلب وجود أشخاص يعملون على تسهيل عقدها وتنفيذها ، ومثل هؤلاء الأشخاص يحتاجون للتدريب ، وقد أظهر طلاب الجامعات بأن لديهم الالتزام الاجتماعي والميل للعمل بفاعلية في هذا المجال ، فإنشاء مراكز تدريب في الجامعات هو أحد البرامج الرابحة، ويلعب الأشخاص العاملين على تسهيل عقد الاجتماعات وإعداد عمليات التطوير دوراً هاماً متعدد الأوجه في تطوير المجتمع ، لذلك من الضروري تدريبهم أولاً. فالرغبة القوية ما بين طلاب الجامعات الفلسطينيين والشباب بإحداث تغيير إيجابي ورغبتهم في أن يشاركوا في مثل هذا التغيير يمكن تحقيقها عن طريق تدريبهم عملياً ونظرياً- وذلك لخلق تغيير اجتماعي قائم على حكم ذاتي بطريقة شاملة ومثمرة. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;من أهداف إنشاء مركز تدريب لتطوير المجتمع داخل الحرم الجامعي ما يلي: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تدريب الشباب للعمل على تسهيل عقد اجتماعات بين أفراد المجتمع المحلي تعمل على خلق مشاريع تطوير مصممة بعناية وفقاً لأوليات المجتمع المحلي. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;المساعدة على توفير التمويل اللازم لمشاريع التطوير التي يتم تصميمها وإعدادها أثناء اجتماعات التخطيط التي يعقدها أبناء المجتمع المحلي. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;خلق شراكات مع مؤسسات حكومية وغير حكومية للمساعدة في تنفيذ أهداف المجتمع المحلي. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;4-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;عقد ورشات عمل بشكل متواصل لتدريب الشباب على مهارات إدارة وتنفيذ مشاريع التطوير الفعالة وتوفير الأموال لها. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;5-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;دعم الأبحاث والدراسات ونشرها من أجل توفير وتبادل المعلومات حول كيفية مواصلة التطوير. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;6-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;تنظيم ندوات وحملات توعية جماهيرية لحشد الدعم اللازم لرسالة ونشاطات المركز&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;7-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;توفير المتطوعين والزملاء من ذوي الخبرات ليزودوا الشباب بالخبرات والمهارات العملية. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;إن الأسلوب التعليمي التجريبي في التدريب أثبت عالمياً أنه أسلوب فعال في تعليم المهارات اللازمة لمساعدة الشباب على القيام بدور المسهّل.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وتدريب العاملين على التسهيل في النشاطات والتطوير المشارك به يتم بشكل أفضل عندما يجري على أرض الواقع. فالتدريب القائم على التجربة يعني أن يقوم المتدربين بالعمل داخل المجتمعات وأن يطبقوا أساليب تفاعل تساعد الناس المحليين على تخطيط وتنفيذ مشاريع تنموية اجتماعية اقتصادية. ومن فوائد هذا الأسلوب أن برنامج التطوير نفسه سيدعم تطوير المجتمعات المحلية المشاركة. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;وفتح برنامج التطوير داخل إحدى الجامعات الفلسطينية من شأنه أن يقدم برامج تدريب لعامة الناس : معلمي المدارس العاملين في الأرياف ، أخصائي الخدمة الاجتماعية من المؤسسات الحكومية وغير الحكومية&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;، والسياسيين ، والمتقاعدين وباقي المواطنين. وغالباً ما يتقبل المجتمع المحلي المعلمين على اعتبار أنهم أشخاص محايدين للعمل كمسهلين للحوار وتخطيط التطوير.وفيما يتعلق بالجنس، فإن النساء غالباً ما تستطيع القيام بدور المسهلات لعقد اجتماعات التطوير أكثر من الرجال وخصوصاً في المناطق الريفية التقليدية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;دعم اللامركزية في فلسطين : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;إن توفير التمويل للمشاريع ولبرامج التدريب بمبلغ 500 مليون دولار خلال ثلاث سنوات أمر ممكن إذا علمنا أن المجتمع الدولي قد قدم مبلغ 7 بليون دولار لمساعدة الشعب الفلسطيني في فترة مشابهة( ثلاث سنوات) . وهذا سيمكن من التأثير إيجابياً على الناحيتين الاجتماعية الاقتصادية &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;لنصف الشعب الفلسطيني في الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة البالغ عددهم 3.8 مليون. ويمكن لللجنة الرباعية التي تضم الولايات المتحدة وروسيا والاتحاد الأوروبي والأمم المتحدة والتي يتم تقديم المساعدات الدولية تحت إشرافها- أن تكون شريكاً أساسياً. ويمكن للمساعدات الأجنبية أن تلعب دوراً حيوياً في خلق اقتصاد فلسطيني مستقل ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Reuveny, 1999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;وإسرائيل التي تتدخل حالياً في عملية توصيل وكيفية استخدام المساعدات الأجنبية ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Barsalou,2003&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; )قد تستفيد من تنفيذ التطوير اللامركزي المشارك به في فلسطين، يجب ألاّ تعيق عمليات التنمية الفلسطينية المحلية. ويجب أن تقرر بأن علاقتها الاقتصادية طويلة الأمد مع فلسطين تتضمن فك إرتباط اقتصادي ذا أهمية. ويجب على السلطة الفلسطينية أن تتأكد بأن شركات الاحتكار الموجودة حالياً في فلسطين( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Hanieh, 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) لن تستخدم نفوذها لإعاقة التطوير المجتمعي المحلي. وسيعطي مثل هذا التطوير دفعة للنشاط السياسي الديمقراطي العلني، مما يزيد من تجاوب المؤسسات في تلبيتها لحاجات عامة الناس ، كما سيؤدي هذا إلى تقليل الفساد. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;اللامركزية في فلسطين والأوضاع الدولية :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;تنفيذ التطوير اللامركزي يجب أن لا ينتظر حتى اتفاقيات الوضع النهائي مع إسرائيل أو إنهاء الاحتلال. وهذا التأكيد قد يكون مشكوكاً في أمره، فمن المستحيل أن نقلل من التأثيرات الخانقة الناتجة عن إعاقة حركة الأشخاص ( مثلاً الجدار الفاصل ، ونقاط التفتيش التي زاد عددها عن 500 نقطة تفتيش في الضفة الغربية وحدها- وغير ذلك من طرق إعاقة الحركة) ، وكذلك إعاقة حركة البضائع والخدمات الاجتماعية ورأس المال الذي يحتاجه الفلسطينيون للبقاء. وقد بيّن الاتحاد الفلسطيني للصناعات أن 98% من الصناعات في غزة قد توقفت ( ووفقا لتقرير &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;UNCTAD,2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; بلغت نسبة الصناعات المتوقفة عن الإنتاج في غزة 95%). فإغلاق غزة يهدد بانهيار بلدياتها ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;AIC,2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). وتعيق الأزمة المالية بشدة الفرصة لتخطيط وتنفيذ مشاريع تنموية. &amp;quot;ليس للسلطة الفلسطينية سيادة على حدودها ومواردها الطبيعية وعلى أرضها ومياهها وأيضاً على حركة الأشخاص والبضائع ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;UNCTAD,2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) ، ويعلن البنك الدولي وأصوات كثيرة أخرى أنه لا يمكن تطوير الاقتصاد الفلسطيني في ظل هذه الظروف ، بما في ذلك عدم المقدرة على الوصول إلى الموارد اللازمة لخلق الثروة وفرص العمل ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;AIC,2008- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;- البنك الدولي ، 2008) . وفي الحقيقة فحتى في الظروف الطبيعية من الصعب عقد اجتماعات للمجتمعات المحلية للتخطيط للتطويربالمساهمة الفعالة &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;والواسعة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;إلاّ أن اجتماعات المجتمع المحلي والتطوير لا تحدث في المراكز الرئيسية والتي يكثر فيها النشاط، إنها متفرقة ومجاورة لبيوت الناس ، وذلك أمر مهم بالنسبة للوضع الفلسطيني . وفي الحقيقة فإن هذا السبب هو ما يجعل اللامركزية مرتبطة بالقدرات العسكرية الدفاعية. ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Servace, 1999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ) .أو أنها تجعل عمليات الهجوم أكثر صعوبةً (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Rist,1997&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) والقدرات الخاصة والكبيرة للشعب الفلسطيني للتطوير خصوصاً في مجال الزراعة والسياحة والصناعات تجعل من التطوير اللامركزي المشارك به أمر ممكن إلى حدٍ كبير. ولهذه الأسباب وغيرها &amp;ndash; يقول خبراء التطوير المحلي المشارك به، أن التقدم ممكن حتى في ظل أكثر الأوضاع السياسية تشدداً. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;وفي الحقيقة فإن التطوير المشارك به يمكن أن يحقق الظروف الملائمة الواجب توفرها لتطوير اجتماعي اقتصادي في فلسطين. فمثلاً ، تلقى عملية اللامركزية في فلسطين زخماًً. ويمكن أن تساعد في العملية السياسية مع إسرائيل وتقوي المبادرة لإجراء إصلاحات فعالة كما ورد في بروتوكول باريس عام 1995، وذلك بتحقيق مزيد من التوازن في العلاقات الاقتصادية الإسرائيلية &amp;ndash;الفلسطينية. وإذا قُدّر أن يكون هناك اتفاقيات تجارة حرّة ما بين إسرائيل وفلسطين في المستقبل ( كما تم مناقشته في التسعينات) أو ما بين فلسطين وأي دولة أو إقليم خصوصاً مع الدول الأكثر تقدماً ، فإن التطوير اللامركزي من شأنه أن ينوع في الاقتصاد الفلسطيني ويساعد في منع حصر المنتجات بأنواع معينة وهو أمر مهم في التجارة الحرة- كما حدث في المكسيك. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;هذا الأسلوب في التطوير يمكن أن يخلق أرضية مشتركة ما بين الدول الغربية والسلطة الفلسطينية وحماس لا سيما وأن أغلبية النشاطات التي كانت تقدمها حماس انحصرت تاريخياً في توفير الخدمات الاجتماعية ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Usher, 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) فآجلاً أو عاجلاً وبشكل أو بآخر فإن الولايات المتحدة والدول الأخرى عليها أن تتعامل مع حماس بشكل مباشر والعمل معها لإحداث تطوير ديمقراطي لا مركزي في غزة. وهذا من شأنه أن يؤثر على المواقف السياسية الحالية لحركة حماس والتي لا تتلائم في الوقت الحاضر مع التعايش السلمي مع إسرائيل. وقد بيّن عدد من الدراسات أنه يمكن إحداث تغيير في المجالات الرئيسية في أيدولوجية حماس ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;Gunning,2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ). ويجب أن تبذل اللجنة الرباعية كافة الجهود لأن تتبع ما اقترحه البروفسور شبلي التلحمي ( 2006 ) من أن العمل مع حماس بحذر يمكن أن يجعل منها تيار معتدل. والعمل على اللامركزية في فلسطين يوفرهذا الاختبارالمهم. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;طبيعة السيادة : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;وصف جان جاك روسو السيادة بأنها الارادة العامة في الواقع العملي وأنها تتواجد في المجتمع ككل، وليس فقط من خلال ممثلين تم انتخابهم، والتطوير اللامركزي المشارك به يساعدنا في بناء سيادة وطنية وذلك بزيادة قوة ونفوذ المجتمعات المحلية في إدارة تطويرها. فمؤسسات البلد وشعبه تتحد أكثر على المستوى الوطني عندما تساهم في تحقيق تقدم محلي. فالسيادة الوطنية تتعزز بالدمج ( بما في ذلك عقد الشراكات القائمة على الفائدة المتبادلة وتبادل المعلومات ما بين الأشخاص والمؤسسات العاملة داخل البلد.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial&quot;&gt;والحكومات التي تحاول أن تقاوم حركات التطوير المعتمدة على نفسها داخل بلدها تقوّض من موقفها الذاتي حتى لو أدّت القوى الخارجية للعولمة إلى تحدي الحكومات الوطنية وسببت بنسبة كبيرة إلى عدم استقرارها، ومن الناحية الأخرى عندما تدعم حكومات وطنية التطوير اللامركزي فإنها تضمن ارتباطها بعامة الشعب والمؤسسات الخاصة على جميع المستويات مما يعزز من شعبيتها ونفوذها. والأوضاع في فلسطين كما هو الحال في جميع أنحاء العالم تضمن الانتشار الواسع للمشاركة في التطوير: ليس فقط لأن هذه الإستراتيجية تساعد على تطوير قدرات المجتمعات الفلسطينية المحلية &amp;ndash; وهو أشد ما يحتاجه الشعب الفلسطيني &amp;ndash; بل لأنها أيضاً ستعزز من السيادة الوطنية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/11/21/107158-</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/11/21/107158-</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/11/21/107158-</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2008 20:44:30 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Community Organizing and the Economic Crisis</title>
   <description>
    &lt;p&gt;In recent weeks, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke,&amp;nbsp;this year&amp;rsquo;s Nobel Prize winner in economics Paul Krugman, and many&amp;nbsp;political leaders have&amp;nbsp;expressed support for a fiscal stimulus package in the face of the economic crisis.&amp;nbsp; The United States Government&amp;rsquo;s deliberate use of the fiscal tool to jump-start economic activity and growth and reverse decline is the legacy of the New Deal and President Franklin Roosevelt during the Depression, and is a key part of the Keynesian paradigm-shift in modern economics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To help get the country out of the current economic morass, Senator Barack Obama supports strategic public infrastructural investment, and using a &amp;ldquo;scalpel&amp;rdquo; on the federal budget for its precision in spending reduction.&amp;nbsp; On the other hand, Senator John McCain stated his desire for an across the board spending freeze - which is to apply a &amp;ldquo;hatchet&amp;rdquo; to the budget and implies that all forms of government spending is a culprit in continued economic downturn.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The question is, then: What kinds of programs, through increased federal funding, can result in expeditiously implemented public projects that generate dispersed benefits, increase employment, and push back against the alarming economic problems and fears becoming reality?&amp;nbsp; An answer is: Programs that incorporate community organizing and development because they catalyze sustained economic recovery.&amp;nbsp; This is when local people who live in proximity to each other create and benefit from development initiatives that they also together conceive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Projects community groups pursue when given the opportunity reflect their varied interests, their local situation, and most pressing needs.&amp;nbsp; It may be establishing an irrigation canal, road, school, clinic, community center, or cooperative.&amp;nbsp; It can be, for example, a small business, a training center, pubic health initiative, planting trees, and youth and women&amp;rsquo;s programs.&amp;nbsp; It could involve manufacturing, agriculture, improving the environment, and innovative combinations of all of the above.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Public investment in locally-driven projects directly and most immediately impacts local populations and their organizations.&amp;nbsp; Jobs are created and income is generated at the local level as projects are implemented, which involves labor, materials, and action.&amp;nbsp; Local control, ownership, and benefits encourage the ongoing functioning of community projects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Development management and other capacity areas of local people, government, and civil society are invested in with the idea that local groups work together and carry forward development and renewal.&amp;nbsp; Decision-making skills of individuals, groups, and institutions are improved through collaborative experiences, and risk is inherently shared.&amp;nbsp; The conditions for an increasingly diversified and adapting economy are put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;How can the federal government&amp;rsquo;s fiscal stimulus achieve locally-determined and managed infrastructure and human development?&amp;nbsp; First, consider that public infrastructure projects of this kind are determined during local participatory planning meetings, which local &amp;ldquo;facilitators&amp;rdquo; help organize.&amp;nbsp; AmeriCorps and other community volunteers, for example, are throughout the country and can be great facilitators of community dialogue and assessments of their opportunities.&amp;nbsp; University-community partnerships have university students working with communities, finding out their needs, and helping to implement projects to address them.&amp;nbsp; Local governments can identify viable development opportunities in their area for long-term, multi-sectoral growth.&amp;nbsp; A well-reformed White House faith-based initiative can also potentially be a greater catalyst for community-based public-good projects.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this approach to federal government&amp;rsquo;s fiscal-induced stimulus, two main areas need to be supported: 1) training university students, volunteers, and local citizens, including the retired, in community-wide planning approaches and organizing for development; and 2) implementing projects that local people and groups decide are most important to them and involve partnerships.&amp;nbsp; Economic stimulus in the form of community investments creates the short and long-term outcomes needed to help get people and the nation out of economic decline (with an immediate injection of money and new productive work) and onto a path of transformational bottom-up growth.&amp;nbsp; It also seems to be a warranted approach and pay-back to the people considering the stunning national cost of the bank bailouts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Public infrastructure at the community level also gets people and families more heavily involved and contributive towards economic recovery.&amp;nbsp; When the stimulus is directly on their behalf and targets communities&amp;rsquo; self-described priorities for development, it elicits people&amp;rsquo;s energy, ideas, and dedication - and helps the stimulus to succeed. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yossef Ben-Meir has practiced and researched community development for 18 years and is currently president of the High Atlas Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to community development in Morocco.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/10/27/103876-community-organizing-and-the-economic-crisis</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/10/27/103876-community-organizing-and-the-economic-crisis</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/10/27/103876-community-organizing-and-the-economic-crisis</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2008 15:26:01 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>A ‘Community Organizer’ Frame of Mind</title>
   <description>
    &lt;p&gt;The denigration of &amp;lsquo;community organizing&amp;rsquo; by Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin and former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani at the Republican Convention could become a setback for their party if the American public came to understand the real lessons of community organizing about how to deal with recent world events.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For example, community organizers intrinsically know that successful reconstruction and reconciliation in Iraq and elsewhere require local community participation and control, and do not need years of billions of dollars wasted on foreign contractors and millions of lives made to suffer and so many die before it is finally implemented to some degree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers would know that to rebuild after large scale humanitarian disasters like Hurricane Katrina, community meetings are needed to plan reconstruction (with displaced people, this requires innovative strategies) and that top-down management will stifle empowerment, ownership, and opportunities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers observe the impact of global events and trends on local communities and people, and therefore understand that an essential part of free trade agreements is new and significant support to address economically dislocated families (particularly in rural areas), diversify local economies, and training.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers would identify that the Palestinian people need a more self-reliant economy (which would also in the process build sovereignty) and not an economy that is excessively dependent on Israel&amp;rsquo;s to a point of debilitating Palestinian underdevelopment (e.g., on average 90 percent of total Palestinian imports and exports go to and from Israel).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers help to create solutions that satisfy multiple needs, and therefore would likely reform the White House faith-based initiative in the direction of Senator Barack Obama&amp;rsquo;s proposals for the program: broaden access to an increase in funds for community initiatives while reducing potential areas of government-religion impropriety.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers, who regularly hear people express diverse and heartfelt interests and beliefs, would be sympathetic to the Democratic vice-presidential nominee Joe Biden&amp;rsquo;s view of abortion: that it is a personal decision to a religious degree (including when a person believes life begins) and government should not make the decision for women.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regarding Joe Biden and Iraq, community organizers would likely agree that a high degree of federalism - which Biden proposes and involves autonomy of provinces and regions to manage their own development and affairs and the central government playing a supportive role - is necessary for the country to remain whole and stable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers, who help people work through the struggle to reach common ground and purpose, then sincerely appreciate that the unified feeling in the world after 911 was a unique moment that afforded the chance for a new course and make a leap in a critical area of human life.&amp;nbsp; Instead, the opportunity of a lifetime was squandered to fulfill a naive obsession with Iraq.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers know that public trust is generated in reaction to the empowerment people feel when their ideas for projects are implemented and the benefits are tangible; this may inform, at least in part, the approaches of community organizers to public diplomacy, the &amp;#39;war of ideas&amp;#39;, and addressing root causes of terrorism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers would herald the incredible contributions of the Peace Corps to nations of the world, especially to its own country, which has benefitted in untold ways by the more than 190,000 Americans who community organized in 139 nations since the Peace Corps began almost five decades ago by President John Kennedy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizers know that their social purpose is 1) as inseparable to the United States as federalism, which is fused into its structure, 2) an historic mission carried forward in the 1800s by the Republican Party and later by projects inspired by the philosophers Alexis de Tocqueville and John Dewey, and 3) made contemporary in the 1960s because of urgent needs and fifty years later being implemented all over the world, by people in all disciplines, walks of life, and backgrounds due to the global explosion of civil society.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suggestions that community organizing is subversive Marxism and that it seeks a socialist revolution are preposterous and can be intended to rouse a cultural divide.&amp;nbsp; Community organizing is cross-ideological, including religions and political philosophies.&amp;nbsp; Conservatism supports community organizing because of the more adapting economic environment it creates and people taking responsibility; liberalism supports it because it advances democracy and justice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community organizing is inclusive in its approach and often results into cross-sectoral partnerships that include government.&amp;nbsp; It seeks to reform society through an evolutionary process of improving social relationships, advancing socio-economic development, and a healthier natural environment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While trying to suggest that community organizing is separate from the American ideal, Sarah Palin and Rudolph Guiliani may have distanced themselves and their party from the &amp;#39;holy grail&amp;#39; repeatedly found in the fantastic story of the United States.&amp;nbsp; This was done by radicalizing and speaking down to a profession that makes real the quintessential American value of individual and community fulfillment within a democratic framework and a united and sovereign country. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yossef Ben-Meir is a sociologist and has dedicated 17 years to the study and practice of community development.&amp;nbsp; He is President of the High Atlas Foundation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.highatlasfoundation.org/&quot;&gt;www.highatlasfoundation.org&lt;/a&gt;, a nonprofit organization that promotes community development in Morocco.&amp;nbsp; He lives in New Mexico, USA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/09/23/99842-a-community-organizer-frame-of-mind</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/09/23/99842-a-community-organizer-frame-of-mind</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/09/23/99842-a-community-organizer-frame-of-mind</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2008 06:17:48 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Governor Palin and Mayor Giuliani Disregard Community Organizing: A Community Organizer’s Defense</title>
   <description>
    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;At the Republican National Convention, Rudolph Guiliani and then vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin disregarded and seemed to mock Barack Obama&amp;rsquo;s background as a community organizer.&amp;nbsp; Guiliani, a former Republican presidential candidate, went on to liken community organizing to something corrupt.&amp;nbsp; What is the function of a &amp;ldquo;community organizer&amp;rdquo; and how did their remarks undermine central tenets of the American experience and an essential operator for community development to occur?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Community organizers help local groups develop action plans and implement local development.&amp;nbsp; Community organizers do not decide for others what their most pressing needs are, but rather facilitate dialogue as people together assess their challenges and opportunities and create socio-economic projects they want.&amp;nbsp; Community organizers are negotiators, conflict managers, and help build mutually beneficial and peaceful relationships.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;The reality is that neighborhoods and villages of people generally do not spontaneously come together to improve their socio-economic conditions.&amp;nbsp; Catalysts are needed to jump-start the process and organize meetings.&amp;nbsp; Communities do not automatically work through conflicts that naturally arise when they together plan local development and consider the broad range of interests and ideas reflected among them.&amp;nbsp; Third party facilitators help to ensure an inclusive, partnership-building, and productive experience.&amp;nbsp; Community organizers perform these and other key functions until&amp;nbsp; development initiatives are self-sustaining and people are meeting their needs through their own capabilities (material, skills, and network).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Community organizing has a deep history in the United States.&amp;nbsp; Its first initiatives in urban areas in the late 1800s were inspired by Alexis de Tocqueville and John Dewey - philosophers who connected community development to the intrinsic identity of the country.&amp;nbsp; Contemporary community development grew significantly in the United States in the 1960s and its political roots are in decentralization and federalism - concepts embodied in the Constitution and that the Republican Party historically championed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;So what kind of social policies come out of the community organizing perspective?&amp;nbsp; None that warrant its attack at the Republican National Convention.&amp;nbsp; For one, Senator Obama&amp;rsquo;s community organizing perspective had to have informed his recent proposals to reform the White House Office of Faith Based and Community Initiatives to broaden access to support while reducing unhealthy government-religion entanglements.&amp;nbsp; Community organizing redresses the dislocation of families in the United States and around the globe caused by free trade or other social and natural phenomenon.&amp;nbsp; People with community organizing backgrounds would likely intuitively know that for reconstruction and reconciliation in Iraq to endure, it needs to be locally-driven - a lesson finally applied by the United States after billions of dollars wasted and insecurity reigned in that country for years.&amp;nbsp; In fact, community organizing is about rallying people&amp;rsquo;s participation, which is needed to deal with the range of domestic and international issues facing the United States.&amp;nbsp; Most likely, the community organizing perspective of Senator Obama helped his presidential campaign put in place strategies that generated historic levels of grassroots support throughout the country for his election and enabled him to overcome significant odds to win the Democratic Primary.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Barack Obama should take advantage of this political opportunity created by the ironic remarks of Republicans Governor Palin and Mayor Giuliani and explain how community organizing directly relates to successfully dealing with the serious challenges confronting the United States, including terrorism. Facilitators of and participants in well organized community development initiatives are empowered in such a way that diminishes feelings of alienation and the kind of discontent that can lead to violence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Obama campaign ought to make the case that community organizing is the right kind of experience needed at the highest level of decision-making. Non-ideological, pragmatic Republicans that support their party for the very reason it was founded - to better enable the people of states and communities to manage their own affairs - may see that their priorities are better served through the community organizing experience of Barack Obama.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yossef Ben-Meir is a sociologist&amp;nbsp;and president of the High Atlas Foundation, a nonprofit organization founded by former Peace Corps volunteers and dedicated to community development in Morocco.&amp;nbsp; The views expressed in this article are his own. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/09/15/98555-governor-palin-and-mayor-giuliani-disregard-community-organizing-a-community-organizer-s-defense</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/09/15/98555-governor-palin-and-mayor-giuliani-disregard-community-organizing-a-community-organizer-s-defense</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/09/15/98555-governor-palin-and-mayor-giuliani-disregard-community-organizing-a-community-organizer-s-defense</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2008 21:03:25 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
    <item>
   <title>Beyond the Obama Plan for Faith-Based Initiatives</title>
   <description>
    &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Recently, Senator Barack Obama announced his plan for the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives if he became president. &amp;nbsp;Although his proposals are in the right direction, other formative measures can be taken to strengthen community and individual empowerment through more assured nonsectarian processes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the faith-based program initiated by President Bush, federal funds given to religious organizations for social services were not to be used to proselytize. Rather, the funds were to be distributed by these organizations to people in need, regardless of their religion, and to be used for secular social and economic activities. Senator Obama stated that he would uphold these important guidelines while extending the scope of the nondiscrimination clause to include people hired by faith organizations to administer community initiatives. &amp;nbsp;Though a positive step, the extension is likely to only moderately allay concerns about government-religion entanglement and the use of the program to promote partisan interests, especially in the context of recent allegations from some of the program&amp;#39;s former officials.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;In its current form, the program supplies some guidance to religious organizations, large and small, about ways to access federal funding. To this end, point people, assigned in the eight participating federal departments and two agencies, assist religious groups in the application process on how to provide financial support for their faith-based initiatives. Senator Obama suggests extending this support through training of religious groups on how the federal funding system works and how to obtain the finances they need to run their social services. This training would give many organizations an opportunity to make a real difference in their communities that they may not have had otherwise.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Senator Obama&amp;#39;s plan to target and expand initiatives that address key areas the program currently contributes to, most prominently afterschool and summer programs in education that would serve 1 million students, is also bold. &amp;nbsp;Indeed, altogether, his proposals are helpful. &amp;nbsp;However, additional reforms would enable religious organizations with federal support to more effectively provide social services while more rigorously maintaining the separation between church and state.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The following are three suggestions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1. &amp;nbsp;Connect interfaith partnership to receiving funding: In announcing his plan, Senator Obama referred to the importance of interfaith coalitions. &amp;nbsp;He said that they are needed to impact enormous challenges, such as children living in poverty. &amp;nbsp;From a developmental perspective, the importance of partnership here cannot be overemphasized.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In a developmental partnership, each partner brings essential inputs - technical, financial, administrative, labor, and/or other resources - to help achieve the goals of the project. &amp;nbsp;In recent years, the idea of partnership has become an inseparable part of the concept of sustainable development: the more groups and individuals that come together to support an initiative, the more people there are that work to see it endure and therefore the better chance that it will. &amp;nbsp;For example, partnerships mean more eyes on the finances and project materials, which help to prevent corruption and mismanagement. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the context of faith-based initiatives, opportunities to proselytize a particular religious doctrine or serve a partisan interest become more infrequent when diverse interfaith coalitions participate. &amp;nbsp;Strongly linking interfaith partnerships with funded initiatives will give real meaning to the new name Senator Obama proposes for the faith-based program - Council for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2. &amp;nbsp;Require 501c3 nonprofit incorporation: One way to ensure that federal funds for social services do not mingle with these institutions&amp;#39; general funds, which can be used for inherently religious purposes, is for faith-based institutions to create a separate nonprofit organization in the Internal Revenue Services&amp;#39; 501c3 category. This simple procedure will bring more transparency and organizational structure to the overall management of the community initiatives. &amp;nbsp;The web site of the White House faith-based program currently mentions that some religious organizations have already created a separate 501c3 organization to manage their federally funded social services, but the site stops short of encouraging this practice.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3. &amp;nbsp;Promote &amp;quot;participatory&amp;quot; initiatives: &amp;nbsp;Experts in community development and the overwhelming majority of the literature on the subject underscore at least one of its guiding premises: when communities themselves determine, implement, and manage the social initiatives intended to benefit them, the initiatives are significantly more likely to succeed and the attributes of empowerment, including informed decision-making, are better instilled. &amp;nbsp;This observation, based on experience, is captured in Senator Obama&amp;#39;s frequent statements, including his recent speech about the faith-based program, that show him as strongly favoring &amp;quot;bottom-up&amp;quot; versus &amp;quot;top-down&amp;quot; approaches to social change.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Participation of community members, from design to evaluation and for the life of the initiative, ought to be a major criterion for federal funding. Support for this goal can be a way for Senator Obama to shows he stands by his own words when he says that taxpayer dollars for faith-based initiatives &amp;quot;will only go to those programs that actually work.&amp;quot; &amp;nbsp;And such participation will make it more difficult to advance partisan interests because the communities themselves will be ultimately in control of the faith-based initiatives. &amp;nbsp;In addition to training religious organizations in navigating the federal funding system that Senator Obama proposes, skills can be transferred for these organizations to promote community management of development initiatives.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yossef Ben-Meir is a former Peace Corps volunteer and president of the High Atlas Foundation (&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.highatlasfoundation.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;www.highatlasfoundation.org&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;), a nonprofit organization that promotes community development in Morocco. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
   </description>
   <link>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/07/28/92237-beyond-the-obama-plan-for-faith-based-initiatives</link>
   <comments>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/07/28/92237-beyond-the-obama-plan-for-faith-based-initiatives</comments>
   <guid>http://blogs.albawaba.com/benmeir/66412/2008/07/28/92237-beyond-the-obama-plan-for-faith-based-initiatives</guid>
      <dc:creator>benmeir</dc:creator>
      
    <category>General</category>
         <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jul 2008 20:09:18 +0000</pubDate>
   <source url="http://blogs.albawaba.com/feed/rss20/65039">Dr. Yossef Ben Meir&#039;s Blog</source>
     </item>
   </channel>
</rss>
